Carry Out Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessmen Essay Example for Free

Carry Out Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessmen Essay Every individual is unique and even though many will show or feel similar sensations with regards to how a substance makes them feel, it is not always good to assume that the traits that they show will always be the most obvious. Over a period of time, substance misuser’s will adopt a technique of hiding the most obvious traits that give warning signs of substance misuse so as a professional need to be very observant and continuously engage with regular training courses to keep up to date with the latest drug trends and effects they have on the body and how they alter the mood. Many clients will show some obvious traits of substance misuse which will include gouching, which is the effect of the hit from Heroin/Methadone (Heroin substitute). Gouching is when the client will be quite alert at the beginning of a group session, but within 10 – 15 minutes they will start to appear as they are falling asleep. They may start to bow their head and if you call them they immediately wake up. Another of the physical signs of substance misuse of a client with a Heroin addiction would be the eyes rolling or the plain struggle to keep them open. I have found that clients with a Crack or Cocaine addiction tend to be the other scale as these drugs are stimulants. I have had clients high from a binge from the night before who have attended group sessions and been very talkative, eyes quite wide with an obvious redness of the lack of sleep. These physical signs can vary dependant on the lapse of time from finishing their misuse session to attending the group session, so for e. g. f the client had not yet been to sleep they would seem very hyperactive, jittery and very fidgety, but if they may have had a few hours sleep the physical signs can be quite different, so they are irritable due to tiredness. They would be quite slouched and not so conversational because they are on what it known as a come down. All the euphoria has now left the body and the body in a sense is returning to its normal state. Substance misuse can also just as easily affect a client’s whole behavioural pattern as well as their emotional and social in teractions. The behavioural indications can be the client just not being their usual self, this could be a few varying factors, but once you get to know a client you understand how they behave towards different things that affect them. They could easily become emotional too which could be the client is purely upset and feel like they have let their self down because they may have been abstinent for a while and not been able to handle a certain situation or simply had a trigger which they could not control and went and used on it. Many clients that I deal with on a day to day basis do suffer with a variety of ailments and illnesses and are prescribed medication for these. They range quite broadly from medication to manage a mental illness to taking medication in order to help keep their blood thin enough so not to suffer from DVT. Some of these prescribed medications will make our clients appear to be under the influence of a substance when really they are not. As professionals this is why you need to collate important information from the assessment stages so you can ask questions about a client’s medication and what the side effects may be as well as do your own research to back up any information already given. Within CRI as we have the consent to sharing information form if this has been signed you may want to contact the GP with a breakdown of what the side effects may be and the effect it would have on a client with substance misuse issues alongside the immediate risk factors too. Many of the prescribed medications for mental health illnesses and depression will make clients seem as they are falling asleep, not really focusing on what is going on and spaced out, but this is not the case and if you are aware of a clients conditions then you would know best how to assess the situation at the given time. I regularly attend training provided by CRI and local boroughs or other services within the locality so that I am fully up to date with the new trends and old trends of drugs that are available, where the bad batches are being distributed and the strength of what is about on the streets at the current time. This is down to you as an individual to also do your own research on the internet of what is going on in the drug scene and ask questions. If you hear of something that you are unaware of ask those questions, you never know when you will come across a client that may have a particular problem with that substance and you may be the person that needs to help them. I have found that clients can be quite knowledgeable so ask them questions too and go back and check on the information provided with others. I do not feel that one person will or can know everything, but this is when team members should draw upon one another to have a wide knowledge within a team so all areas are covered in most instances. Probation – This is a criminal justice service that works alongside all those who have committed a crime and have been sentenced to either serve a custodial sentence, suspended sentence, community order or DRR. Most people will have a period of licence that they will have to attend appointments to discuss what they are doing with their lives. This is where clients will attend to be tested for substances and these results are fed back to CRI – Stabilisation Day Programme. Probations service also has the ability to tap into other services and a certain amount of resources that will enable clients to gain help in ETE, Housing services or referral units, Drug Intervention groups. CASS – Community Alcohol Stabilisation Services – This service works with clients whose main or preferred substance of choice is alcohol. This service will help work with clients extensively and support them if they require a detox and hold support groups, some peer lead and coffee mornings. They also will be given a key worker who will work with them on a 1-2-1 basis. CDAS – Community Detox All of these services will complete an assessment of individuals to see the risks attached with the individual. The assessment will show if they can help the client, what treatment can be put in place for them and the extent of the problem that the individual is currently experiencing. If each of these individual services are unable to help an individual they will then refer them on to a service that can assist them better within the area that they require the support and help in. With most organisations there will be an eligibility requirement in order for a service to work with you as well as protocols for accessing these services. Our organisation work very closely with Oasis as an aftercare treatment provider for clients who are not abstinent, but we also have our own organisation that provides aftercare treatment, but you must be totally abstinent from alcohol and drugs for a minimum period of two weeks and you also cannot be on a script. The referral procedure for Oasis would initially be a phone call to the service and letting them know that you have a client is almost completed their 12 week period of their DRR with you and that they have for e. g. nother 12 weeks left on their order where they are required by law to continue to access drug services. An appointment is booked for you and the client to attend and on this visit to Oasis as a project worker you are required to bring along the clients care plans, the completed risk assessment with any updates or amendments and a TOPs form for statistical information to be provided to NDTA. On arriving at the appointment with the client, a key work session will take place and you will also give information to the new key worker with regards to the clients’ background. The care plan review will be completed with the client there and a copy retained by our organisation to be kept on their file. The new key worker will also discuss with them what their service can offer them in regards to follow on treatment and what days they will attend, the groups etc. A new treatment plan is formulated with the new key worker there and then. The eligibility for gaining access to Oasis is that you are from the borough, that you have a substance misuse problem and ideally want help and support with coping and dealing with these issues. Some of the other services have more stringent protocols and eligibility. For example if you were trying to get your client referred to go to residential rehab, you need to send a fully completed referral form to CDAS or the NHS, this is then discussed whether they feel that the potential client has shown the commitment required in order to put them before the funding panel of commissioners to prove that they are ready to take on a huge part of their recovery journey. If the decision to grant them the funding, the client then has to do a detox within the community for two weeks prior to being admitted to the residential rehab. If a client leaves the detox and does not complete this they will lose their place within the rehab or it may be put on hold until they have completed it. The organisation that I work in have clients sentenced on a DRR which means that they do not want to be here, but have no choice but to be there. We are usually the get out of jail card for most of them and unfortunately some of our clients are like revolving doors. However, I see this position as a vocation and not just a job and I am very aware that many of the clients do not want to be with us, but I hold hope that I still may be able to assist them on their individual journey on the path to recovery. I am also very conscious of the fact that not everyone can be helped and that is the nature of the career that I work within. My approach to those clients that do not want to be in services is to explain what my role here is and make them fully aware of all the things the onward referral services can do for them. I give clients as much information as possible about the service and highlight the things that would work for them. It is not always an easy task and some clients are very stubborn and when it gets to the brick wall stage where I feel I have exhausted every possible route to get them to engage with the onward service I remind them that they have a legal requirement to ttend the services and if they do not abide by the DRR it will be reported to their probation officer and may be classed as a breach, which means returning to court to answer to the judge and the order can be revoked and a prison sentence given in its place. When undertaking an assessment of a client, I make sure that I gather as much background information as possible. This may be from the DIP team that I work very closely alongside and if I have knowledge of them working with probation services I will contact their probation officer and request information from them also. I feel it is best to be very prepared so that you can summarise with them their history and spend more time dealing with the immediate things that are proving to be difficult and that they need the support and assistance to make their recovery journey as smooth as possible. If in my information gathering of a client, if something particular comes up that for e. g. they need to be escorted to their appointments. I will ensure that I speak with the person or key worker to ensure that the dates and times are suitable for all parties concerned. I have many clients that also have many appointments to attend in general, so trying to space them out so the client has sufficient time to attend or make appointments on a regular day and time so it will not interfere with any other obligations. If a client has many services involved in their life I will ensure that we have a meeting on a regular basis that includes everyone to minimise the amount of appointments the client has to attend and information is shared in one place at one time. All information is recorded on our CRiis system as soon as the meeting has finished. I think this is good practice so that you do not forget anything important that needs to be recorded for ease of reference for others if they have to see your client whilst you are away. This is also good for when writing review reports for the courts or the probation officers. When assessing a client I feel it is highly important to know their background, history of substances and the life line. If you have a thorough knowledge of the client it is easier to assess the risks to them and others accurately and ensuring that you follow out you duty of care to the client as well as others. This way you also cover yourself from potentially being in the firing line if you ensure you have done a thorough job of the risk factors and highlighting them to your manager if you feel that something is not quite right. It is extremely important to regularly review the risk assessments as things change very quickly with clients. Not any one day is the same for them and they live high risk lives. We ensure that our clients have a 1-2-1 key work session at least every two weeks and the risk is monitored, but if the client does not prove to have high risks it is reviewed every six weeks. Our service is quite small so the team de-brief after every group session and discuss each client that has attended and sometimes we highlight possible risky situations which will be noted as a risk and monitored until the risk has gone or the client has left. If the risk assessment is not reviewed you can put your client at risk as well as your service and everyone that your client comes into contact with. The client is fully involved in the assessment process as the main bulk of our information comes from the individual. I ask them to be as open and as honest as possible as I can only help them if they tell me the truth. At this point I will be taking into consideration traumatic events in their life, when substance misuse started and what the flow of substances are and of the individual poly drug uses. Many of our clients have been through services before, but I always ask if they know why they are here? Have they attended groups before? What are they like in a group setting? How they feel with mixing with others who are at different stages of treatment? By asking them various questions and listening to the clients’ feedback, body language non verbal reactions, I will then know whether they are suitable for the DRR or if they may need to access another service for more specialist treatment. I follow the assessment procedure and ensure all the necessary paper work is completed and all paper work signed by the client and I. I deal with chaotic, abusive and aggressive clients daily. I feel that with my aggressive clients that you need to remain firm and not lose control. I would not put myself in a situation that is overly risky, but you must be a little thick skinned and own the group. The boundaries must be put in place from the on start or this kind of behaviour will rear its ugly head too often. Each situation is different and with the more chaotic clients it’s more about trying to get them into some sort of structure. Ensure that appointments are written down or set in their phone so they remember. I will also text clients when they have an appointment with the service or are due in for group and we find in our service that some of the clients need this level of help. Even the clients that do not need that sort of assistance find it helpful because of they do not feel like attending the text message helps to plant the seed and makes them attend. On the completion of the full assessment, the client and I will look through the information gathered and highlight the priorities areas that we will focus on in the first instance. This are not fixed in stone and if things change as we go along through the course of the treatment process we will address them or re think the order of priority. I feel that if you have to make an assessment on a child or young person you do need to follow the same principles as you do for an adult. I would involve the main carer or person with the main parental responsibility whether this is a foster carer etc. The process would involve gathering as much information as possible with regards to the young person or child’s likes, dislikes, how they react to things, what they were like as a child, traumatic events that may have occurred in their life, what they are like at school, everything that could give me an incite to this young person or child’s personality. From gathering all the information, which would include talking to their school or educational facilities they attend, social services if they have been involved and any other agency that has had involvement with the child or young person, this should give me as a professional a very good idea of what the young person or child is like and then the final thing would be asking the young person or child questions and seeing what their response would be. I feel that I would not personally be able to assess their level of maturity at present as I am not qualified in that area, but if it was something that I had to undertake I would take the steps to involve a child psychologist to accurately assess the level of their maturity. I feel that this area is very specialist and any work that I would undertake would be of another form of information gathering in order to assist with any additional treatment plans that may be put in place to help the young person or child. There are guidelines and legislation that need to be adhered to when dealing with young persons or children which include: Victoria Climbe Report Baby P Which have highlighted areas in the past that have been missed and because of that we have unfortunately lost some very precious children. We also have the Children’s Act 2004 which was amended to include that responsibility of services, organisations, care homes foster carers with the duty of care to a child. During the initial assessment the client is informed of the complaints procedure and offered a copy of their care/treatment plan. The clients are encouraged to complete ITEP maps so they are more involved in the whole process and to recognise that once things are written down on paper how real they actually are. This is sometimes the point when everything becomes real to the client and they begin to take a different view of what is really going on for them in their life and realise that they do need support and help in some areas. We endeavour to keep a good working practice within our team and to sustain good working partnership with all other agencies that we work along side.

Comparative Literature Translation St Essay Example for Free

Comparative Literature Translation St Essay 452? F 132 Abstract || The link between Comparative Literature and translation creates a new reading framework that challenges the classic approach to translation, and allows the widening of the scope of the translated text. This paper explores this relationship through the analysis of two versions of Charles Baudelaire’s Les ? eurs du mal published in Argentina during the 20th century, stressing the nature of translation as an act of rewriting. Keywords || Comparative literature | Translation | Rewriting | Charles Baudelaire 133 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini  452? F. #04 (2011). 131-141. 0. Comparative literature and translation: a reading framework There are at least two ways to conceive the link between comparative literature and translation studies. Exchanging the terms in the framework of an inclusion relationship, it is possible to consider two differentiated series of questions and to assign different scopes to the link. This exchange appears basically related to the two possible answers to the question about the limits of these disciplines, that are traditionally linked: so, it is possible to consider translation studies asâ€Å"one of the traditional areas of comparatism† (Gramuglio,   2006) or to support, as Susan Bassnett did more than a decade ago (1993), the need for a reversal to happen –similar to the one Roland Barthes established between semiology and linguistics–, to make translation studies stop constituting a minor ? eld of comparative literature in order to be the major discipline that shelters it (solution through which Bassnett tried to put an end to what he de? ned as the â€Å"un? nished long debate† on the status of the discipline of comparative literature, empowered by the criticism blow that Rene Wellek gave to the discipline in 1958)1. Beyond this ambiguity, what is important to underline is the existence of this consolidated link between two disciplines, or I should rather say, between the discipline of comparative literature(s) and the phenomenon of translation –which, on the other hand, de? ned itself as the object of a speci? c discipline barely some decades ago–. In this sense, there is a spontaneous way of thinking about the link between comparative literature and translation: the one that de? nes translation as an event and a central practice for comparatism, since it locates itself at the meeting point of different languages, literatures  and cultures. From this point of view, translation is the activity which is â€Å"synthetic† par excellence, the one that operates at the very intersection of languages and poetics, and the one that makes possible, because of its ful? lment, the ful? lment of other analytic approaches to the texts relating to each other. Nevertheless, this has not always been this way. In an article devoted to the vicissitudes of this link, Andre Lefevere pointed out that, in the beginning, comparative literature had to face a double competence: the study of classical literatures and the study of national literatures,  and that it chose to sacri? ce ranslation â€Å"on the altar of academic respectability, as it was de? ned at the moment of its origin†2. And, although translation became necessary for the discipline, it hardly tried to move beyond the comparison between European literatures, all the translations were made, criticized and judged, adopting the inde? nable parameter of â€Å"accuracy†, that â€Å"corresponds to the use made of translation in education, of classical literatures as well as of NOTES 1 | Bassnett asserts that: â€Å"The ? eld of comparative literature has always claimed the studies on translation as a sub? eld, but now, when the  last ones are establishing themselves, for their part, ?rmly as a discipline based on the intercultural study, offering as well a methodology of a certain rigor, both in connection with the theoretical work and with the descriptive one, the moment has come in which comparative literature has not such an appearance to be a discipline on its own, but rather to constitute a branch of something else† (Bassnett, 1998: 101). 2 | â€Å"In order to establish the right to its own academic territory, comparative literature abdicated the study of what it should have been, precisely, an important part of its effort†Ã‚  (Lefevere, 1995: 3). 134 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. national literatures† (Lefevere, 1995: 4). The critical thinking of the XXth century conferred translation the transcendence it had not had historically and postulated it as a clearly- de? ned object of study. Although this emancipation was achieved already in the second half of the century, it is clear that there are crucial contemporary texts about practices previous to this period. In this sense, the preface by Walter Benjamin to his German translation  of the Tableaux Parisiens by Charles Baudelaire, entitled â€Å"The Task of the Translator† (1923), constitutes an unavoidable contribution that, nevertheless, has not always been appraised. A lot has been said on this text –let’s remind the readings, canonical, by Paul De Man (1983) and by Jacques Derrida (1985)–, whose formulations were decisive for a conceptualization of translation the way it was presented some decades later by post-structuralism. Let’s recover, at least, one of the ideas that organize this document: â€Å"No translation would be possible if its supreme aspiration would be similarity with the original. Because in its survival –that should not be called this way unless it means the evolution and the renovation all living things have to go through– the original is modi? ed† (Benjamin, 2007: 81). Through this proposition, that can seem obvious to the contemporary reader, Benjamin emphasizes, in the twenties, the inevitable inventive nature of any translation and destroys the conception of the translated text as a copy or a reproduction of the original, although without attacking the dichotomical pair original/translation, â€Å"distinction that Benjamin will never renounce nor devote some questions to† (Derrida, 1985). A renunciation that will be carried out, as Lawrence Venuti points out, by the poststructuralist thought –especially deconstruction–,that again raised the question in a radical way of the traditional topics of the theory of translation through the dismantling of the hierarchical relationship between the â€Å"original† and the â€Å"translation† through notions such as â€Å"text†. In the poststructuralist thought â€Å"original† and â€Å"translation† become equals, they hold the same heterogeneous and unstable nature of any text, and they organize themselves from several linguistic and cultural materials that destabilize the work of signi?  cation (Venuti, 1992: 7). From this acknowledgment, we recover a synthetic Derridean formula: â€Å"There is nothing else but original text† (1997: 533). Thus, translation stopped being an operation of transcription in order to be an operation of productive writing, of re-writing in which what is written is not anymore the weight of the foreign text as a monumental structure, but a representation of this text: that is, an invention. It is not anymore a question of transferring a linguistic and cultural con? guration to another one a stable meaning –as happens with the platonic and positivist conceptions of the meaning that,  according to Maria Tymoczko, are still operating in the education and 135 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. training of translators in the West (Tymoczko, 2008: 287-288)–, but a practice of creation that writes a reading, an ideological practice accomplished not only by the translator –that becomes now an active agent and not a mere â€Å"passer of sense† (Meschonnic, 2007)–, but by a whole machinery of importation that covers outlines, comments, preliminary studies, criticism, etc.  , and in which a variety of ? gures are involved. In these new coordinates, translation can be de? ned as a practice that is â€Å"manipulative†, if it models an image of the authors and of the foreign texts from patterns of their own: â€Å"Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. Any rewriting, whatever its intention, re? ects a particular ideology and particular poetics, and as such, they manipulate literature in order to make it work in a particular society, in a particular way† (Lefevere and Bassnett in Gentlzer, 1993: IX). This quote reproduces the already famous assertion by Theo Hermans: â€Å"From the point of view of the target literature, any translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text with a particular purpose. Besides, translation represents a crucial example of what happens in the relationship between different linguistic, literary and cultural codes† (1985: 11-12). To assume the status that we have just conferred to translation implies to re-shape the link between this later and comparative literature. Because when it stops being de? ned in the restrictive terms of mediation or transfer of the stable meaning of an â€Å"original† text, and when it attains the autonomy of an act of rewriting of another  text according to an ideology, a series of aesthetic guidelines and of representations on otherness, translation gives up its role of instrumental practice and appears as the privileged practice that condenses a rank of questions and problematic issues related to the articulations greater than what is national and transnational, vernacular and foreign. Translation becomes the event related to contrastive linguistics par excellence; the key practice of what Nicolas Rosa calls the â€Å"comparative semiosis†: La relacion entre lo nacional y lo transnacional, y la implicacion subversiva  entre lo local y lo global pasa por un contacto de lenguas, y por ende, por el fenomeno de la traduccion en sus formas de transliteracion, transcripcion y reformulacion de  «lenguas » y  «estilos ». La traduccion, en todas sus formas, de signo a signo, de las relaciones inter-signos, o de universo de discurso a universo de discurso es el fenomeno mas relevante de lo que podriamos llamar una  «semiosis comparativa » (Rosa, 2006: 60-61). 1. Two Argentinean versions of the spleen by Baudelaire Once the approach to translation that we favour in this work is speci? ed, what we intend now is to re? ect on the particular case of  136 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. the Argentinean translations of Les ? eurs du mal (1857) by Charles Baudelaire. We will focus on two comprehensive translations of Les ?eurs du mal, and two very different publications: the one that can be de? ned as the inaugural translation of Baudelaire in Argentina, carried out by the female poet Nydia Lamarque –published by the publishing house Losada in 1948 and reprinted numerous times to date–, and the one signed by Americo Cristofalo for the Colihue  Clasica collection from the publishing house Colihue, published originally in 2006, and that appears as the last link of the chain of Argentinean translations. The difference between the date of publication of the translation by Nydia Lamarque –belated, if we take into account that a ? rst translation to Spanish, incomplete, came out in 19053– and the one by Americo Cristofalo, reports the currency of the name of Charles Baudelaire along the lines of translations of French poetry in Argentina; name that, next to the names of Stephane Mallarme and Arthur Rimbaud – the founder triad of modern French poetry– survives through different  decades4. What interests us now is to try out a cross-reading of the poems by Baudelaire and the rewritings by Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo. We will not use the comparison according to the frequent use that has been given to it in the study of translations, that is, as a method to reveal a collection of translation strategies implemented in each case with the purpose of identifying â€Å"diversions† with regard to the original. As Andre Lefevere has pointed out, to think about a new relationship between comparative literature and translation implies to set aside the approach with regulations, the one that pretends to  differentiate between â€Å"good† translations and â€Å"bad† translations, to concentrate on other questions, such as the search of the reasons that make some translations having been or being very in? uential in the development of certain cultures and literatures (Lefevere, 1995: 9). In this sense, what we intend is to read the sequence of these texts, with the purpose of demonstrating dissimilar ways of articulation with the Baudelairean poetics, two rewritings that take shape as different forms of literary writing in which the vernacular and the foreign are linked, and that are backed up by an ideology. In order to do this, we are going to con? ne our analysis to one of the poems entitled â€Å"Spleen† that is included in one of the ? ve sections that structure Les ? eurs du mal: â€Å"Spleen and Ideal†. Walter Benjamin pointed out that the Baudelairean spleen â€Å"shows life experience in its nakedness. The melancholic sees with terror that the earth relapses into a merely natural state. It does not exhale any halo of prehistory. Nor any aura† (1999: 160). In this sense, the spleen marks the death of the character of idealism â€Å"either of enlightened or NOTES 3 | We are talking about the translation by the Spaniard. Eduardo Marquina, a version marked by modernist aesthetic conventions. As Antonio Bueno Garcia has pointed out, the translation of the works by Charles Baudelaire in Spain is a fact that takes place belatedly, not due to ignorance of the writers of that period –for whom Baudelaire was a recognized in? uence– but for â€Å"the censorship problems of the second half of the XIXth century†. Garcia gets even to declare that, over and above the translation by Marquina at the beginning of the XXth century and two more versions published in the forties, â€Å"the restoration of Baudelaire’s spirit and therefore of his works  does not take place until after the Second World War, and in Spain until well into the seventies† (Bueno Garcia, 1995). 4 | Besides the two translations that we tackle in this work, we can take again the prose translation of Las ? ores del mal signed by Ulises Petit de Murat (1961) and the presence of Baudelaire in anthologies like Poetas franceses contemporaneos (Ediciones Buenos Aires: Librerias Fausto, 1974) or Poesia francesa del siglo XIX: Baudelaire, Mallarme, Rimbaud (Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de America Latina, 1978), both of them prepared by the poet Raul Gustavo Aguirre. 137 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. lyrical and romantic education† (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2005: 15), and exposes him to emptiness. In the framework of Baudelairean poetics, ideal and spleen appear as two values which ubiquity has a profound impact both on the sphere of an ideology of poetry, and on the verbalization and the textual organization –as long as both have a clear linguistic scope–: â€Å"Sometimes he believes, and sometimes he does not; sometimes he rises with the ideal, and sometimes hefalls to piec es into the spleen [†¦] It is easy to observe the poems that come from these two opposite perspectives† (Balakian, 1967: 50). In the chain of the poem, ideal and spleen mark, respectively, the victory of what Bonnefoy calls â€Å"poetic alchemy†, of its dynamics, of its operation, but also the movement of its withdrawal or its retreat, the contradiction of the poetic rhetoric with what is perceived further away: it is the meeting of poetry with nothingness, that happens, nevertheless, inside the corroborated possibility of the poem –there is no material failure of poetry in Baudelaire–. De Campos points  out that: el rasgo estilisticamente revolucionario de esos poemas estaria en el dispositivo de choque engendrado por el uso de la palabra prosaica y urbana [†¦] en ? n, por el desenmascaramiento critico que senala la  «sensacion de modernidad » como perdida de la  «aureola » del poeta,  «disolucion del aura en la vivencia del choque » (De Campos, 2000: 36). So, the usual lyrical vocabulary faces up to unusual â€Å"allegorical† quotes, which burst in the text in the style of an â€Å"act of violence† (2000: 36). Ideal and spleen mark the comparison of the consonant and the dissonance, of the romantic poetical rhetoric, of its power of evocation and transcendence, with a more austere rhetoric, of prosaic nature, that undermines the poetization through the imposition in the text of another movement, negative (the negative is read in terms of the contesting of a consolidated representation of the poetic). A ? rst reading of the translations by Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo makes it possible to observe that we are talking about writings ruled by two completely different â€Å"poetic rhetorics†5, which in the translation framework are based on a combination of decisions that determine the rewriting of the source-language text. These  rhetorics are assumed and stated explicitly by each of the translators in this paratextual mechanism that is relevant to any translation, set up in order to justify what has been carried out, to try and specify its exact sense, to protect it: the introduction. So, in her introduction, Nydia Lamarque, in order to explain her actions, turns to two masters: Holderlin and Chateaubriand. From the second one –translator of Paradise Lost by Milton into French–, the female translator extracts her translation methodology, that she summarizes in one precise formula: â€Å"To trace Baudelaire’s poems NOTES 5 | As Noe Jitrik points out, the  poem is a place, a material support on which certain operations are carried out that are â€Å"governed by rhetoric, in both a limited sense of rhetoric –strict rules and conventions– as in a wide sense –the obedience to or the subversion to the rules– and even pretentions or attempts of â€Å"non-rhetoric†, which effect, operatively speaking, is, nevertheless, the identi? cation of a text as a poem† (Jitrik, 2008: 63). 138 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. on a glass† (in Baudelaire, 1947: 39), which implies the search for  an isomorphism between the original and the translation, the lexical, syntactic, metrical isomorphism. More than a half century later, after the pioneering translation by Lamarque, Americo Cristofalo builds an academic reading and develops more complex hypotheses. He maintains that his translation is built up on the basis of two conjectures: the ? rst one, that metrics and rhyme â€Å"are not strictly bearers of sense† (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2006: XXVI) and the second one, the exposition of the double con? ict about the Baudelairean rhythms: Del lado del Ideal: la retorica poetizante, los mecanismos prosodicos, la  desustanciacion adjetiva, los hechizos de la lirica. Del lado del Spleen: tension hacia la prosa, aliento sustantivo, una corriente baja, material, de choque critico (2006: XXVII). Taking into account these positions, we can get back the ? rst verses of one of the poems of â€Å"Spleen† to know what we are talking about: 1. J’ai plus de souvenirs que si j’avais mille ans. 2. Un gros meuble a tiroirs encombre de bilans, 3. De vers, de billets doux, de proces, de romances, 4. Avec de lourds cheveux roules dans des quittances, 5. Cache moins de secrets que mon triste cerveau. 6. C’est un pyramide, un immense caveau, 7.  qui contient plus de morts que la fosse commune. (Charles Baudelaire) 1. Yo tengo mas recuerdos que si tuviera mil anos. 2. Un arcon atestado de papeles extranos, 3. de cartas de amor, versos, procesos y romances, 4. con pesados cabellos envueltos en balances, 5. menos secretos guarda que mi triste cabeza. 6. Es como una piramide, como una enorme huesa, 7. con mas muertos que la comun fosa apetece. (Nydia Lamarque) 139 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. 1. Tengo mas recuerdos que si hubiera vivido mil anos. 2. Un gran mueble con cajones llenos de cuentas, 3. versos, cartitas de amor, procesos, romances, 4. sucios pelos enredados en recibos, 5. guarda menos secretos que mi triste cabeza. 6. Es una piramide, una sepultura inmensa 7. que contiene mas muertos que una fosa comun. (Americo Cristofalo) The comparison allows us to notice the distinctive characteristics of each translation. In the case of Lamarque, the metrical imperative is conditional on all the other choices and has a direct impact on the intelligibility of the verses. The syntax gets more complicated – hyperbatons predominate–, the organization of the sense of the verse is compromised, new lexemes are added and some are suppressed in order to hold the rhyme patterns. We are not trying to cast a shadow on this translation –to which we have to admit its statute of inaugural work–, but we are interested in showing its contradiction, since the translation by Lamarque ends up obtaining quite the opposite of what he enunciated as his mandate: â€Å"Each word has to be respected and reproduced as things that do not belong to us† (Lamarque in Baudelaire, 1947: 39). As far as he is concerned, Americo Cristofalo, who in the introduction to his translation goes through the previous versions –among them is  the translation by Lamarque6–, gives up the rhyme, which allows him to carry out a work of rewriting closer to the French text: the verses are, syntactically, less complex than those in Lamarque version, clearer. Cristofalo builds a poem governed by another rhetoric, stripped of all those â€Å"processes of poetization† that appear in the translation by Lamarque, although someone could wonder if the elimination of rhyme in his translation does not imply, partly, the loss of this tension between ideal and spleen that characterizes Baudelairean poetics. But in order to appreciate what Lamarque and Cristofalo do with the  Baudelairean spleen (tedium, for Cristofalo; weariness, for Lamarque), it is enough to concentrate on only one of the aforementioned verses, the fourth one, which we mention now isolated: †¦Avec de lourds cheveux roules dans des quittances (Baudelaire) †¦con pesados cabellos envueltos en balances (Lamarque) †¦sucios pelos enredados en recibos (Cristofalo) A metonymic verse that with its minimum length shows the best of each translation. The lexical selection displays two completely different records: Lamarque produces a more solemn verse, leant NOTES 6 | Cristofalo maintains that the translation by Nydia Lamarque resembles the one  by Eduardo Marquina, whom she condemns: â€Å"Lamarque [†¦] bitterly complains about the unfaithfulness of Marquina, who chooses symmetrical poetic measures –otherwise he thinks he would not respect the original–, she says she maintains the prosody, the rhyme, she says she is scrupulous about the adjectivation. However, the effect of pomp, of conceit and affectation in the tone is the same, the same dominion of procedures of poetization, and of confused articulation of a meaning† (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2006: XXV). 140 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini  452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. on a delicate, subtle image, a verse with a modernist ? avour (â€Å"heavy hair wrapped in accounts†); whereas Cristofalo destroys any effect of poeticity in this direction. He simpli? es the lexical selection (â€Å"dirty hairs† instead of â€Å"heavy hair†) and he builds a harsher image, in a realist style. Both translations strengthen the Baudelairean image, but in opposite directions: Lamarque leads it towards a lyrical intensity, Cristofalo makes it more prosaic. There are other questions that can be appreciated in the cross-reading of these poems, for example the presence of a repeated pattern in the  version by Lamarque, boudoir, (that Cristofalo translates as tocador or dressing table), which expresses a whole attitude towards the foreign language; we see the same contrast in the lexical choices, that apart from being bound to the aesthetic reconstruction of the poem, marks re-elaborations that are different from the Baudelairean images, as in the case of this verse: †¦un granit entoure d’une vague epouvante (Baudelaire) †¦una granito rodeado de un espanto inconsciente (Lamarque) †¦una piedra rodeada por una ola de espanto (Cristofalo) Here, Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo carry out a grammatical  reading that is different from the alliance â€Å"vague epouvante†: Lamarque inclines herself towards an abstract image (she interprets vague as an adjective of epouvante), whereas the image on which Cristofalo bases himself has something of a maritime snapshot (he interprets vague as a noun: wave), it is more referential. Both these works of rewriting grant to the Baudelairean text a different scope; they assemble two images by Baudelaire that respond to conventions and aesthetic values that are also differentiated. In this way, they do nothing but demonstrating the true nature of the translative act. Even if it is true and undeniable that we are talking, all the time, about the translation of a previous text, pre-existing –of an â€Å"original†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ, it is also true and undeniable that translation is a deeply critical and creative practice, that exceeds the borders of the reproduction of a text –its forms move from appropriation to subversion–, a practice that in the passage of a text to another shows all the thickness of its power. . 141 Comparative literature and translation: two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. #04 (2011) 131-141. Works cited BALAKIAN, A.  (1969): El movimiento simbolista. Juicio critico. Trad. de Jose Miguel Velloso, Madrid: Guardarrama. BASSNETT, S. (1998):  «? Que signi? ca Literatura Comparada hoy?  » en Romero Lopez, D. (comp. ), Orientaciones en Literatura Comparada. Trad. de Cistina Naupert, Madrid: Arco, 87- 101. BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (1999): Las ? ores del mal. Trad. de Eduardo Marquina, Madrid: JM ediciones. BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2006): Las ? ores del mal. Trad. y prologo de Nydia Lamarque, Buenos Aires: Losada. BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (1980): Les ? eurs du mal. Ed. de Vincenette Pichois, Paris: Union Generale d’Editions. BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2006): Las ?  ores del mal. Trad. , prologo y notas de Americo Cristofalo, Buenos Aires: Colihue. BAUDELAIRE, Ch. (2005): Correspondencia General. Traduccion y notas de Americo Cristofalo y Hugo Savino, Buenos Aires: Paradiso. BENJAMIN, W. (1999): Iluminaciones II. Poesia y capitalismo. Traduccion y prologo de Jesus Aguirre, Madrid: Taurus. BENJAMIN, W. (2007): Conceptos de ? losofia de la historia. Trad. de Hector Murena, La Plata: Terramar. BONNEFOY, Y. (2007): Lugares y destinos de la imagen. Un curso de poetica en el College de France (1981-1993). Trad. de Silvio Mattoni, Buenos Aires: El cuenco de Plata. BUENO GARCIA, A. (1995):  «Les ? eurs du mal de Baudelaire: historia de su traduccion, historia de la estetica », en Lafarga et. al. (coords. ), Actas del III Coloquio de la Asociacion de Profesores de Filologia Francesa de la Universidad Espanola (APFFUE), Barcelona: Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias: 263-272 DE CAMPOS, H. (2000): De la razon antropofagica (y otros ensayos). Trad. y prologo de Rodolfo Mata, Mexico: Siglo XXI. DERRIDA, J. (1997): La diseminacion. Trad. de Jose Martin Arancibia), Madrid: Espiral. DERRIDA, J. (1985):  «Des tours de Babel », Derrida en castellano, [13/08/2010], http://www. jacquesderrida. com. ar/frances/tours_babel. htm GENTZLER, E. (1993): Contemporary Translation Theories, New York: Routledge. GRAMUGLIO, M. T. (2006):  «Tres problemas para el comparatismo », Orbis Tertius, [04/08/2010], http://www. orbistertius. unlp. edu. ar/numeros/numero-12/2-gramuglio. pdf HERMANS, T. (1985): The Manipulation of Literature, London Sidney: Croom Helm. JITRIK, N. (2008): Conocimiento, retorica, procesos. Campos discursivos, Buenos Aires: Eudeba. LEFEVERE, A. (1995):  «Comparative Literature and Translation », Comparative Literature, 1, vol. XLVII, 1-10 MESCHONNIC, H.(2007): La poetica como critica del sentido. Trad. de Hugo Savino, Buenos Aires: Marmol/Izquierdo. ROSA, N. (2006): Relatos Criticos. Cosas animales discursos, Buenos Aires: Santiago Arcos. TYMOCZKO, M. (2008):  «Translation, ethics and ideology in the age of globalization » en Camps, A. y Zybatow, L. (eds. ), Traduccion e interculturalidad, Bruselas: Peter Lang, 285-302. VENUTI, L. (1992): Rethinking Translation, USA y Canada: Routledge. WILFERT, B.  «Cosmopolis et l’homme invisible. Les importateurs de literature etrangere en France, 1885-1914 », Actes de la Recherche Sociale, 144, 33-46.

Analysis Of Mills Harm Principle

Analysis Of Mills Harm Principle In 1993, Canadian farmer Robert Latimer killed his extremely disabled child by putting her in his truck and running a pipe from his exhaust into the cab. Latimer fully admitted his guilt and claimed that, by killing her, he freed her from her chronic pain due to her severe form of cerebral palsy. His daughter was a full quadriplegic and required numerous surgeries to maintain her quality of life. She could not feed herself and was in constant pain despite painkillers she was given. Despite her condition, she was able to sporadically smile and respond to some stimuli. Later in the year, Latimer was convicted of first-degree murder. A year following this, his sentence was lowered to second-degree murder. Latimer, through many different trials and appeal processes was eventually released in 2008 as he was not deemed a danger to society. His case brought up many questions in regards to the law such as euthanasia, mercy killing and how it would affect other mandatory sentences for murder. The case itself calls to attention an argument made by philosopher John Stuart Mill relating to harm and liberty. He brings to light his harm principle and draws attention as to what liberty should be. In this essay, Mills argument for the harm principle will be explained and evaluated. Firstly, the harm principle needs to be analyzed as well as Mills argument for it. His essay titled On Liberty discusses civil and societal rights. His concern is mainly to do with the right to use methods of control on another person. He believes that the right to control another individual can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (Mill, 1). Essentially, Mill is saying that liberty should not be restricted unless it is to prevent harm to other people. He furthers this argument with saying of over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign (Mill, 1). Here, he claims that individuals can essentially do anything to themselves as authority has no say in what they do to themselves. It is from this phrase that Mill states individuals have the liberty to think and have their own opinions, thoughts, and beliefs regardless if it applies to minority groups or the majority of society. Mill also states with this comment that he believes that individuals should have the right to pursue their thoughts, beliefs, and ideas regardless of how society views it so long as no harm is done to others. He declares that his harm principle and push for personal freedom over societal rule would be beneficial to society as a whole. He explains this by saying that individuals would be happier (Mill, 1) and would feel less oppressed. He further explains this by saying that since individuals would be pursuing their passions, society would spend less time controlling people and enforcing rules. Mill explains that that his doctrine is only meant only to apply to people in the maturity of their faculties (Mill, 1). He is saying here that his set of guidelines cannot apply to people who are not involved members of society and are outside a set of principles he applies to a civilized society (Mill, 1). Civilized society consists of people who can engage in their own interests, skills, and capabilities but also have had access to an education. He believes that through personal reflection and freedom, an individual will gain a higher level of power to understand his or her surroundings. However, without access to that educational systems and a developed society, individuals will not reach their potential for personal reflection. Mill explains that people who are dependant of others, like children or the mentally challenged, must protected from themselves as they are not capable of maintaining the state of personal reflection Mill requires. He also states the concept of a civilized society much be maintained in order for individual liberty and the harm principle to be effective for society. He explains that freedom of expression and thought is key t o avoid social stagnation and that with individuality comes progress. Next, analysis of Mills argument will be done. He brings up some solid points regarding societal progress due to individuality and thought development. Essentially, Mill claims that individuals learn from their mistakes and it is through this that personal development occurs. Unfortunately, his essay On liberty has gaps in which he is too vague on the limits of liberty. He also is much too vague on his definition of harm. This is due to the fact that he places way too much importance on individual freedoms to maximize happiness and understanding. He does not take into consideration that personal choices regarding an individual can sometimes be harmful to others. The argument of paternalism is a good example of this. Seat belt laws dictate that individuals must wear their belts regardless that they want to or not. The laws are in place in the name of the protection of the individual. With Mills argument, he claims that seat belt laws would be an infringement on personal happiness and freedom, regardless of the possibility of injury in an accident. Thus, he does not properly address the issue of an individual making poor choices. To conclude, the case of Robert Latimer was discussed and the momentous exception in law that was done. Through this, the Principle of Harm by John Stuart Mill was explored through its definition in regards to liberty and its link to personal freedom. Also explored was the only circumstance in which Mill believes freedom can be limited: to protect others from harm. Lastly, objections to Mill argument were brought up such as his vagueness in his explanations of liberty and harm as well as its tie to bad personal choices.

Princely Power Essay -- Essays Papers

Princely Power Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince contains a very unique section entitled "Princely Virtues" in which Machiavelli takes on a how-to approach in regards to becoming a prince. The instructional qualities of the novel lead its reader to create in themselves an image of not the most virtuous, but in Machiavelli's eyes, the most effective prince. In the selections found in chapters 15-26, Machiavelli teaches his intended princely students the necessary political skills that a prince must possess in order to maintain his position on top. Machiavelli paints the illusionary portrait of the perfect prince. The prince must take great pains to keep up this virtuous front in order to maintain command as well as respect of his people. Even if the prince does not have a desired virtue, Machiavelli reasons that he must only appear to have certain virtues, and more importantly know when it is appropriate to display such virtues to benefit himself. The prince is obligated to put on the necessary front in order to disguise himself as the most effective prince in an effort to maintain control. Machiavelli may on the surface seem to argue that a ruler must focus on the positive end and employ whatever means necessary to achieve his desired result, maintaining power and control; however, he only argues this to a point, there are limitations on a prince’s power. Machiavelli begins his section on princely virtues by emphasizing why a prince must in actuality depart from being virtuous or good in order to avoid coming to ruin among other men who are evil; seeming to be good is more important than being so. To emphasize this point, he says: For there is such a difference between the way men live and the way they ought to live, th... ...tudes of men towards those in authority bring about an understanding of sorts, which leads to sympathizing with the deceitfulness of Machiavelli's prince. For a prince to lead men who are inherently evil he must think clearly about his actions, he will fail miserably, if he does not rise above his people's intelligence. Yet, a wise prince will not allow his greedy desires to rule his good judgment. Without a watchful eye, he may stand in the way of attaining his own goals. By Machiavellian logic, even if a prince obtains his goals through employment of what may seem like vices, he must always remember to keep up his good front. He cannot be justified in doing anything he pleases to maintain his power and control. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. "The Prince" in The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces (ed. Maynard Mack). New York: Norton, 2000. 1488-1497.

Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People: Little Evidence for an Antio

Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People WHAT IS OBESITY? The most common eating disorder in our society is excessive eating which includes craving and compulsive eating which can quite often result in obesity (http://www.nutramed.com/zeno/addictive.htm#exorphins). Obesity is a body condition where a person's body mass index is greater than 30. Other diseases that can accompany or follow obesity include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Also, obese people are at a greater risk of certain kinds of cancer like breast, colon, and uterine cancer. Nori Geary, an associate professor of psychiatry at Cornell University, did a great deal of work on the physiological control of feeding behavior (http://www.med.cornell.edu/rasp/gdir/geary.html). Some people respond well to proper diet and exercise to overcome obesity. For those who do not, however, antiobesity drugs are gaining popularity in pharmaceutical compnaies. One potential antiobesity drug that was recently developed by scientists in France and England is butabindide. This drug works to regulate appetite by breaking down a neurotransmitter that signals satiety. This drug has not yet been administered to humans, but its development may provide information to help with the development of other antiobesity drugs in the future (Jack 1756). FEEDBACK MECHANISMS AND FAT INTAKE A number of biological and psychological factors are involved to consolidate energy intake, expenditure, and storage to satisfy specific biological or biophysiological processes. The degree to which these processes control eating behavior is regulated by sensors in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, and the brain which all work to control this system through a process of positive an... ... appear to look convincing if it were not for the experiments showing that certain CCK antagonists have not shown a convincing effect on the eating patterns in humans. Other hormones including bombesin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glycogen-like insulino-tropic peptide, and pancreatic glucagon may also alter satiety, but the data showing that these hormones really have an effect is not persuasive enough (Read 8). Works Cited Aceto, Chris. (1996) Fat Burners. Joe Weider's Muscle and Fitness. 57: 90-100. Jack, David. (1996) Fighting Obesity the Franco-British Way. The Lancet. 347: 1756-1758. Read, Prof. (1994) The Role of the Gut in Regulating Food Intake in Man. Nutrition Reviews. 52: 1-9. Rolls, B., Dimeo, K., amd Shide, D. (1995) Age-Related Impairments in the Regulation of Food Intake. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 62: 923-935. Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People: Little Evidence for an Antio Regulation of Food Intake in Obese People WHAT IS OBESITY? The most common eating disorder in our society is excessive eating which includes craving and compulsive eating which can quite often result in obesity (http://www.nutramed.com/zeno/addictive.htm#exorphins). Obesity is a body condition where a person's body mass index is greater than 30. Other diseases that can accompany or follow obesity include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Also, obese people are at a greater risk of certain kinds of cancer like breast, colon, and uterine cancer. Nori Geary, an associate professor of psychiatry at Cornell University, did a great deal of work on the physiological control of feeding behavior (http://www.med.cornell.edu/rasp/gdir/geary.html). Some people respond well to proper diet and exercise to overcome obesity. For those who do not, however, antiobesity drugs are gaining popularity in pharmaceutical compnaies. One potential antiobesity drug that was recently developed by scientists in France and England is butabindide. This drug works to regulate appetite by breaking down a neurotransmitter that signals satiety. This drug has not yet been administered to humans, but its development may provide information to help with the development of other antiobesity drugs in the future (Jack 1756). FEEDBACK MECHANISMS AND FAT INTAKE A number of biological and psychological factors are involved to consolidate energy intake, expenditure, and storage to satisfy specific biological or biophysiological processes. The degree to which these processes control eating behavior is regulated by sensors in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, and the brain which all work to control this system through a process of positive an... ... appear to look convincing if it were not for the experiments showing that certain CCK antagonists have not shown a convincing effect on the eating patterns in humans. Other hormones including bombesin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glycogen-like insulino-tropic peptide, and pancreatic glucagon may also alter satiety, but the data showing that these hormones really have an effect is not persuasive enough (Read 8). Works Cited Aceto, Chris. (1996) Fat Burners. Joe Weider's Muscle and Fitness. 57: 90-100. Jack, David. (1996) Fighting Obesity the Franco-British Way. The Lancet. 347: 1756-1758. Read, Prof. (1994) The Role of the Gut in Regulating Food Intake in Man. Nutrition Reviews. 52: 1-9. Rolls, B., Dimeo, K., amd Shide, D. (1995) Age-Related Impairments in the Regulation of Food Intake. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 62: 923-935.

Operant condition Essay -- essays research papers

Several years ago, I was the marketing Manager for a new line of perfume, which had to be promoted, introduced to the consumer, and allow for succession in the market. By marketing the product the sales would either be high or low depending on the market responses. One way to ensure successfully marketing to the right consumers is through the use of Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning, also known as Instrumental learning is defined as a â€Å"learning process by which the consequences of an operant response affects the likelihood that the response will occur in the future†(Kozak, pg 22). Basically, Operant Conditioning is a stimulus response pattern that when reinforced will condition the individual response to a desired behavior. Our behaviors are altered to be desirable or undesirable through reinforcements, punishment and extinction. Overall, Operant conditioning is a voluntary response that precedes the stimulus and the reinforcement. According to Dr.Komisar Behavioral therapist at Long Island Jewish Hospital, says Operant Condition has been applied in many situations, such as teaching, clinical settings, and advertising, which have been proven successful in clinical trails. B.F Skinner and Edward Thorndike have developed two famous stream of research in this area. BF Skinner felt that the â€Å"term reinforcement was more desirable than the word reward†(Darcy, pg 215). â€Å"Reinforcement is any stimuli that strengthen the desired response† (Darcy, pg 223). For example, sometim...

Macbeth Character Profile Essay

Macbeth is a famous Shakespearean character. His flaw is shown throughout the play. Macbeth starts off as a trustworthy character that saves the king’s life. Macbeth is then labelled as noble Macbeth by Duncan. At the start of the play his is as noble and loyal as he could be. After killing the Thane of Candor, Duncan who trusts Macbeth gives the title to Macbeth. More is the due than more than all can pay. King Duncan gives Macbeth the best present he could have received. Macbeth gives the reader an impression of being a capable and brave warrior for saving the king’s life. Macbeth is loved highly by everyone. Macbeth also brought â€Å"golden opinions from all sorts of people†. The witches however show Macbeth prophecies. These prophecies however make Macbeth release an inner ambition. This ambition brings out his flaw. Macbeth learns that he might be able to become king, he urgently writes to his wife. His wife who hears about this news urges him to become king and calling him a ‘coward† if he doesn’t take up the offer. Macbeth ends up getting persuade by his wife and starts a plan. They decide to kill King Duncan so that Macbeth can become king. Once their plan succeeds however Macbeth is so shaken by what he did he can’t even contain himself and stay calm. He brings the two daggers he used back to his wife instead of leaving it on the knights that â€Å"killed king Duncan.† Macbeth shall sleep no more. We as the readers feel sympathy for Macbeth at this stage since Macbeth feels remorse and guilty for what he did. However that sympathy does not last very long. Banquo fears that some foul play has been involved with the death of King Duncan. If King Duncan was really killed by the guards, Macbeth should have questioned them instead of killing them. Full of scorpions is in my mind, dear wife! Macbeth has restless guilt over the death of King Duncan however his wife now having a â€Å"manly† strong side to her she takes control. Macbeth ends up doing a lot of killing. The sympathy we had earlier for Macbeth is all gone. Macbeth ends up killing everyone that gets in his way and tries to take the crown away from him. He gets worried that that prophecies might not be true anymore and he goes back to the witches to ask. The witches sense that something wicked is coming. He gets the witches to tell him prophecies once again, the witches this time shows him apparitions instead. Macbeth doesn’t take these apparitions seriously at all. Macbeth doesn’t think outside the box about the apparitions especially the one where it says Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill/ Shall come against him and The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. Macbeth believes that no forest can come and kill. He also believes that every women gives birth he doesn’t think about caesarean birth. Macbeth’s famous soliloquy shows the ending of things and reveals Macbeth final impression on the whole incident. Macbeth’s ambition has leaded him to the death of his wife. If he took out time and talked to his wife her death wouldn’t have occurred. Macbeth at the ends regrets his actions. It is a tale/ told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,/ signifying nothing. His life up to this point now signifies nothing after the death of his wife.