Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information Management - Essay Example In the long run, it gets essential to distinguish methods of sharing information across various area, activities and practices. At MindTree, the job of networks is to mirror the socio-specialized methodology of Knowledge Management. There have been a few speculations and models behind the effective execution of information sharing and coordinated effort at MindTree. One of them is the Community Maturity Model. Brief depiction of Community Maturity Model is referenced in ensuing passages. Network Maturity Model This model has been created by Raj Dutta. Dutta has built up this model to make a bound together vision for networks so as to seek after joint effort and information sharing. In this manner, the basic role of this model is sharing among individuals. Self-awareness and learning are not the essential targets of this model, just sharing among individuals is. In spite of such significant significance, this model isn't a lot of relevant in light of the fact that its implications are excessively unusual. As per Dutta, another significant degree of development in the wake of sharing is building competency. Competency building is alluded to as recognizing a zone wherein the association can exceed expectations when contrasted with its different exercises. On account of MindTree, competency building lies in people when they gain from each other. The third significant degree of development is Capacity Building. Limit building is alluded to as building connections among network and different business elements. At this level, networks directly affect programming, existing procedures and hierarchical exercises. Job of Champions in Community Practices Forming people group at MindTree is generally simple. Networks are commonly a gathering of individuals cooperating energetically and sharing information. Creating people group additionally help individuals for their self-improvement just as business advancement. Networks are spoken to by champions. So as to abstain from be ing reliant on a solitary individual, all networks must have various bosses. The job of champions is indispensable for networks. All the victors must unite individuals and the objectives of the considerable number of individuals from network must be adjusted. The job of champion is exceptionally testing as it requires perseveringly propelling and empowering individuals. In this manner, champions must have authority abilities also. Subsequent to checking on the fundamental techniques of MindTree, it very well may be seen that the essential focal point of MindTree is on information sharing and joint effort. The organization has strived difficult to figure plans at vital level in order to improve the general execution of people. MindTree accepts that sharing data and information diminishes the degree of weariness and stress and cooperation can be profitable whenever actualized in a satisfactory way. The job of champions for each network is additionally extremely generous as champions a re the person who needs to lead and direct the whole network. (Word Count: 512) 2. What are the key components of MindTree’s Knowledge Management System? How do these components connect together? How powerful is the framework? Information Management is another action which helps in contributing and supporting the qualities and culture of MindTree. Specialists vary in their clarification of Knowledge Management however ordinarily they all concur that information the executives framework requires exercises, advancements and procedures which intend to compose, secure, share, apply

In media studies, the critique of ideology is deployed to analyze Essay

In media considers, the scrutinize of belief system is sent to examine issues of intensity in profoundly separated liberal vote based systems. Usin - Essay Example In contemporary occasions, the impact and duty of the media is growing a direct result of the improvement of data innovation, which is delivering new types of broad communications. As per McLuhan’s Technological Determinism hypothesis, the media decides social and social changes in correspondence innovation. In this manner, these days, the job of the media appears to be a higher priority than any time in recent memory, and on the off chance that it doesn't work appropriately, at that point we can't anticipate that society should advance in a precise manner. Likewise, so as to turn into an increasingly gainful society, press opportunity ought to be sheltered from hurt, and furthermore, scrutinize of belief system ought to be permitted to work on the grounds that the investigate of philosophy sees how proper the job of media is in giving responses to society. The investigate of philosophy additionally makes individuals judge falsehood and demands requesting reality. Notwithstand ing, there is another approach to speak with society: through culture. As indicated by Raymond William, culture can allude to high culture, society culture, or, as far as mechanical social orders, mass culture. As he specifies so frequently, culture contains human idea, workmanship, and attitude. Culture is the most customary and regular method of correspondence between individuals in the public arena. Thusly, it is huge to learn about belief system, and moreover, what the scrutinize of philosophy achieves in a liberal majority rule government. Belief system has numerous implications, as appeared in Olivier Reboul’s arrangement of philosophy. In a book called Language and Ideology, Olivier Reboul characterizes belief system to the Napoleon meaning, Karl Heinrich Marx significance, and human science of information importance by Karl Mannheim (Reboul, 1994). Most importantly, for the Napoleon significance, as per the report that his secretary kept, he characterized it as an uns ettling influence that squares adaptable thoughts for scoundrels. He additionally portrayed that it alludes to an individual who is theoretical and a dreamer. It isn't utilized all that ordinarily, so it will simply be treated as chronicled meaning. For the Karl Heinrich Marx meaning, Marx characterized philosophy as bogus awareness, utilizing the allegory of a camera obscurer. Bogus awareness implies just indicating a part of an idea, and this causes individuals to distort the thought; it doesn't show what the full picture is. This sort of imagination underwear with strict and moral standards. For this situation, the subject who makes a belief system is predominant, and the individual who gets the misshaped data is feeble and gets unreasonable treatment. After some time, philosophy is an arrangement of mindfulness or thought that is produced using the commanding party. The issue with this is specific data is acknowledged as regular information to the recipient. The Napoleon importa nce condemns the current rulers while the Marx significance is attempting to cure society. Be that as it may, the last ideology’s significance is totally unique in relation to the over two implications. This belief system originates from the Hungarian-brought into the world German humanist Karl Mannheim, and is known as the social science of information. This thought depends on nonpartisanship and first showed up in the twentieth century. He terms belief system as each picture that can be found in a specific gathering. He underscored that the creation of a gathering encourages the gathering to cooperate. This thought is less questionable than the other two and is an extraordinary social thought; in any case, it’s genuine that this makes it progressively open to discuss. How does belief system apply to social

Visual Representation Essay Examples

Visual Representation Essay ExamplesIf you are new to writing an essay, it is best to have some examples of the visual representation essay sample that will get you started on the right track. This type of essay consists of four components: thesis statement, pre-college research, analysis and conclusion. You can find many different types of visual representation essay samples on the internet.So, what are these visual representation essay samples? Basically, they are essays that examine a certain topic through the use of visual aids. These could be pictures, diagrams, graphs, photos, or drawings.Many of the visual representation essay samples include people's reactions to the information presented in the essay. For example, if you are reviewing an essay about business, you might see pictures of a CEO making a speech to the employees. You might also see pictures of marketing people standing at a crowded boardroom table.The most important thing to remember about this type of essay is th at it is a human being's opinion. You should never feel as though you are being punished for not knowing something. It is also best to remember that there is no one person or organization that wants you to do poorly in your assignment.Any good memory is based on repetition. Reading a list of essay examples may help you keep track of what type of visual representation essay sample you have been exposed to. This will be very helpful to you during your research phase.There are a few things to remember when reviewing these essay examples. For example, the purpose of these visual representation essay samples is to make you think about your own essay. So, instead of just viewing the essay and making a judgment based on the way it is written, you will need to think about the ideas and issues in your own essay before you begin reading.A way to do this is to begin writing from the point of view of the reader. In other words, put yourself in the shoes of the person reading your essay. This wi ll help you to become more immersed in the ideas and thoughts you are trying to present.Remember that the purpose of using a visual representation essay sample is to get you thinking. This will help you get a better understanding of what you have been given. So, start thinking and soon you will be able to think like the average person.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 906 Words

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a complicated disorder that begins after a traumatic event ((APA), May 18, 2013). Throughout history, PTSD was also known as railway spine, shell shock, traumatic (war) neurosis, concentration-camp syndrome, and rape-trauma syndrome. This disorder always happens after a personal tragic event. Such events include a natural disaster, murder, war, rape, and vehicular accidents, just to name a few. The important thing to remember is that it is always a personal event with a high rate of mortality (Gillian T Eagle, 2015). If someone witnesses a tragic event but is not directly affected, they could still have Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder if it was personal to them. Most people think that post-traumatic stress disorder is just for military personnel, but after September 11, 2001, PTSD cases rose by 65% in New York City alone (Affairs, 2014). Adults and children were greatly affected by this tragedy, but children under the age of 6 are not diagnosed with this disorder. According to the DSM-V, they are diagnosed under a subtype called Prominent Dissociative Disorder ((APA), May 18, 2013). There are signs and symptoms that someone will show if suffering with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. They will avoid certain areas of stimulus that remind them of the traumatic event. They will try to forget it ever happened. For example, if a soldier suffering from PTSD experienced aShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

A Lone Wolf Vs The Pack - 1672 Words

A Lone Wolf vs the Pack It is common to see wolves work in pack in order to hunt down their prey, however the lone wolf who often works alone has become an icon to describe the tension between individuals that work together in organizations against those who work alone. In Wendell Berry’s essay, â€Å"God, Science and Imagination,† he discusses the differences between two dominant arguing groups, the fundamentalists of science and the fundamentalists of religion. Berry describes the intentions of each of these minds as one that, â€Å"needs to humiliate its opponents,† in order to establish credibility for their individual theories and ideas. The tension between the two groups can be similarly seen in Susan Blackmore’s essay, â€Å"Strange Creatures,†¦show more content†¦Ms. Lifen had gone to the United States as an investigation by the CCTV Network in order to make more television shows for the Chinese public. Upon arriving in America, she began watching the show, The Apprentice, and contemplated a sinified version of the American television show, which would eventually be known as the show, Win in China. Fallows quickly fell in love with the show and became an avid watcher along with his wife. As a journalist he began to ask questions and in response to his question regarding, what Lifen wanted to accomplish with the show, she stated, â€Å"We want to teach values. Our dream for the show is to enlighten Chinese people and help them realize their own dreams.†(3) Lifen and her group took action and began to teach the Chinese people values by taking all of the contestants involved the show and teaching them some level of basic business knowledge. Through efforts made by her and her group she was able to accomplish her goal of teaching the Chinese people values. A similar approach can be seen in Wendell Berry’s essay, â€Å"God, Science and Imagination, where Berry takes an unbiased opinion of what his prefere nce is in reference to the argument between the fundamentalists of science and the fundamentalist of religion. He claims the argument of which is correct answer toShow MoreRelatedWolves vs Humans1773 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween one another. Hunter vs the hunted, humans are always the hunted and the wolf the hunter, but in an amazing turn of events humans take matters into their own hands and become the hunters, demolishing the danger that hunts them, the wolf. Wolves have been depicted as voracious killers, for as long as I can remember, and we humans are the prey they seek, victims of their sharp teeth and thirst for blood. The media does an extraordinary job in representing the wolf as a killer, deceiver and dangerRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesapproach common to several firms that received national awards for being great places to work. The popular television program Undercover Boss took MBWA to the next level by having top executives from companies like Chiquita Brands, DirectTV, Great Wolf Resorts, and NASCAR work incognito among line employees. Executives reported that this process taught them how difficult many of the jobs in their organizations were, and just how much skill was required to perform even the lowest-level tasks. TheyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages269 United Chemical Company 269 Byron vs. Thomas 271 Active Listening Exercise 272 SKILL APPLICATION 274 Activities for Communicating Supportively Suggested Assignments 274 Application Plan and Evaluation 274 274 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 276 Communicating Supportively 276 Scoring Key 276 Comparison Data 276 Communication Styles 276 Comparison Data 276 SKILL PRACTICE Diagnosing Problems and Fostering Understanding: United Chemical Company and Byron vs. Thomas 278 Observer’s Feedback FormRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages11.4 Risk assessment 11.5 Risk responses (.2–.1.2) 11.6 Risk register 7.1.2.5 PERT analysis 7.1.2.6.3 Contingency reserves 7.3.3.4 Change control management G.7 Culture awareness 1.4.4 Project offices 8.1.2 Continuous improvement 5.1 Requirements vs. actual [5.3] Chapter 17 Agile PM 6.1.2.2 Rolling wave This page intentionally left blank Project Management The Managerial Process The McGraw-Hill/Irwin Series Operations and Decision Sciences OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT BeckmanRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesWeek and Space Technology (June 3, 1991): 51; Richard O Lone, Final Assembly of 777 Nears, Aviation Week and Space Technology (October 2, 1992): 48. I ! Notes 20. 21. 22. 23. 103 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Rodgers, Flying High, 42. Air Transport World (March 1991): 20; Fortune (April 20, 1992), 102-103. Rodgers, Flying High, 416, 420-424. Richard O Lone and James McKenna, Quality Assurance Role was Factor in

The Odyssey And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay - 1193 Words

When it comes to the realm of epic poetry, and hero-like characters in literature, the two works The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared and contrasted in different ways. The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared as expressions of searches for the meaning of life through knowledge. The two stories are somewhat mirrors in this manner. Throughout each story, the characters Odysseus and Gilgamesh show growth and change. The Odyssey can be summed up by stating how the great warrior, Odysseus, is trying to return home to his wife and son after fighting an epic war. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, a partial god, by the name of Gilgamesh, faced retribution for poor leadership, but manages to redeem himself. In both the Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh, both heroes are in search for the meaning of life. Both heroes want glory and everlasting fame. They want their name to last for eternity. It is important to notice the role that both characters play in these two lit eratures. They both heroes serve as connects between the gods and the mortals. Although both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are both mortals, they both were granted strengths. Odysseus has great mental strength and Gilgamesh has great physical strength. Both characters change throughout the story. As they gain more knowledge about life along the way, they eventually begin to discover their own meaning of life. In doing so, each Gilgamesh and Odysseus both change throughout their journey. ThereShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odysseus both are poems that have since early times been viewed as stories that teach the reader valuable life lessons, almost like a self-help book in today’s society. They both teach a lot of the same general lessons but there are some key similarities and differences throughout both works. Such as perseverance, and the inevitability of death are both lessons that are taught in each poem but they are presented to the reader through different interpretations. In theRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagestaken by characters as a tool to exhibit the alteration of the character’s nature. Examples of such can be found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey. The journeys undertaken in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were transformative experiences for the characters in each and provided valuable cultural insights t o the audience. At the start of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the arrogant ruler of the city Uruk. He is obsessed with immortality, which can be seen in the description of himRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1765 Words   |  8 Pagesand how their values have been passed down and evolved over time. The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey are both considerable representations of not only their unique cultures that set the very foundation of both civilization and storytelling, but also for their similar and different aspects of what they considered to be a hero. The most familiar structure to mythological stories such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey is that of a â€Å"tragic plot†. A tragic plot is a perfect plot that is connectedRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey888 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent, it makes a comparison of Gilgamesh and Odysseus an interesting subject. Both stories, â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Odyssey† identify the characters as successful warriors with many adventures to be told. Gilgamesh and Odysseus are human with many god-like qualities. Their perception of immortality, as well as regard for death and the influences of the gods in their lives and adventures, are similar; however, the characters are quite different. Gilgamesh was two-thirds God and one-thirdRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1487 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary pieces. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, water is used as a symbol that represents complex ideas, and it plays a significant role throughout both literary pieces. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, water is mainly used to symbolize life and death as well as rebirth or baptism. In several of Gilgamesh’s dreams water is used as a symbol that represents life. An example of this is when Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey into the forest to kill Humbaba. In one dream Gilgamesh dreams that Enkidu andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh And Odyssey Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesmisogyny into stone. There are some exceptional cases in the famous epic poems, the Epic of Gilgamesh of the Sumerians and Akkadians and the Odyssey from Homer of the Greeks. We all can agree that these epic poems or at most the authors did not view women with our modern perspective – equality among gender. However, we cannot deny that female characters helped set the path of the epic heroes’ journey to their goals. In these epic poems, women are portrayed as figures and themes of knowledge, motherhoodRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh84 7 Words   |  4 PagesThe Odyssey and The Epic of Gilgamesh (Similarities and Differences) Both The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh are two incredible stories written long ago everyone knows this but what a lot of people dont is that these two epics share many of the same concepts. Such as the nostro (the Greek term for homecoming), xenis (guest/host relationship), oikos (household), and aganoriss (recognition). In both epics these themes are illustrated. In The Odyssey the theme of nostro is very prevalentRead MoreThe Iliad, Odyssey, And Epic Of Gilgamesh1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad, Odyssey, and Epic of Gilgamesh all demonstrate the transformational process of their respective epic heroes through their strengths and weaknesses. Epic heroes such as Achilles, Odysseus, and Gilgamesh all possessed superior qualities that separated them from other individuals. Although their incredible abilities may support the societal perception of strong leadership, their weaknesses caused these characters to hold vices that went against the cultural expectations of what a strong leaderRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Odyssey, And Beowulf854 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, â€Å"Oedipus the King†, â€Å"The Odyssey†, and â€Å"Beowulf†, the readers notice how society defines each main character by their heroic characteristics, the relationship between the humans and the divine, a nd the differences of how each hero’s journey ends. Gilgamesh, Oedipus, Odysseus, and Beowulf display several characteristics classifying themselves as heroes. In the story of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is â€Å"two-thirds divine and one-third human† (Gilgamesh, par 2). He displaysRead MoreSymbolism : The Epic Of Gilgamesh, And The Odyssey870 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew Bible, and The Odyssey, symbolism plays a major role in understanding a piece of literature’s true intentions. This would explain the abundance of distinct character features, exaggerated scenarios, and countless approaches to new, bigger problems in these tales. But one of the most favored approaches to symbolism and interpretations seems to be through the way of dreams. Due to their unpredictable nature, dreams allow authors to take

Charts And Graph Essay Example For Students

Charts And Graph Essay The number to classes should be between S and IS. Power than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than IS classes leave too much detail. Class Width Divide the range by the number Of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number So if the number of classes Approximate e Class Width is = 6, then Class Width 10 The midpoint of each class interval is called the class midpoint or the class mark. Class Midpoint = class beginning point + =30+D class width The relative frequency is the proportion of the total frequency that is any given class interval in a truculence distribution. Relative Class Interval frequency Frequency 20-under 30 18 40-under SO asunder 70 50 T total 100 The cumulative frequency is a running total of frequencies through the classes of a frequency distribution. Cumulative Class Interdependency 40. Under SO so-under 60 3 49 madder 80 Total Frequency 18 +624 11 + 2435 46 Class IntervalFrequencyMidpointFrequency Frequency 0. Ender 40 40_under 50 ;under 60 under 80 1. 00 The cumulative relative frequency is a running total of the relative truculences through the classes of a truculence distribution, RelativeCumulativeRelative Class Intergovernmentalurgencyurgencyurgency 6. 12 under SO . 22 . 92 3. 06 C=under 80 Histogram vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon line graph transiences Give line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart proportional representation tort categories of a whole Class Interval

Nazi consolidation of power in 1933 was primarily due to the use of terror and violence free essay sample

Certainly terror and violence can be said to have played an integral part in bringing about the Nazis consolidation of power, as violence was such an important part of Nazism and was never far from the surface. However there were also other factors such as legality, tactical alliances and the successful use of propaganda which in effect contributed a vast amount to the Nazis consolidation of power, the Nazis deployed propaganda effectively as a means of deceiving the political nation of their real intentions and significances of their actions, which ultimately led to their consolidation of power. Terror and violence were prominent factors in allowing the Nazis to consolidate power in 1933, for the reason that violence still had an impact on political developments, even the negotiations between Hitler, Von Papen and Hindenburg took place against the backdrop of well publicized acts of SA brutality. In May 1933 SA members stormed trade union headquarters and disbanded it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi consolidation of power in 1933 was primarily due to the use of terror and violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This violence led many leaders of the SPD to flee abroad and in June its party was officially banned and the 3000 that remained were arrested and a number were killed. This ultimately portrays the brutality of the Nazis, which effectively contributed to their consolidation of power. After the Reichstag fire the police were given the powers to detain suspects indefinitely without reference to the courts. The decree ‘For the protection of the people and the state’ was used to justify the arrest, imprisonment and often torture of thousands of political opponents, and on 23 March 1933 Hitler presented the Enabling Act to an intimidated Reichstag in order to consolidate Nazi power. The Reichstag passed laws which voted itself out of existence; the communists were barred from voting. The brutality of the Nazis bought Hitler four years of a dictatorship. The Nazis managed to use terror with efficient ruthlessness and after the Enabling Act was the destruction of local state government; state governments were dissolved and ordered to reconvene with membership that reflected the recent, by the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Jews and political opponents of the Nazis were thrown out of the civil service.? The enabling act gave Hitler dictatorial powers which consequently led to the opening of Dachau, a concentration camp outside Munich, where the Nazi’s political prisoners were held in ‘protective custody’. It also gave Hitler the power to suspend civil rights, removing the free press, freedom of speech and the right to freedom of association. It further gave Hitler the power to harass and attack the KPD and the SPD during the March 1933 elections. Political violence during this stage enabled the Nazis to win a record 43. 5% of the popular vote. This therefore highlights how the Nazis used terror as a way of consolidating power, as well as highlighting how the enabling act was one of the main reasons for the Nazis consolidation of power. This is because it allowed Hitler to gain dictatorial power by imprisoning his opponents, rigging elections and suspending civil rights.? Propaganda was another important tool for the consolidation of power. As Goebbels was largely responsible for bringing Hitler to the centre of the political stage, he was rewarded on 13 March 1933, with the position of Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, which gave him total control of the communications media which was the radio, press, publishing, cinema and the other arts. From this, a new generation of manipulation was brought forth. Once the takeover was complete, the propaganda ministry was split up into several different departments. Anyone, who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published, or sold any form of cinema, media, press, or literature had to first join one of the departments and then follow all rules of the department head. That person was usually Joseph Goebbels. Therefore, without a license to practise their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers, or directors could not work or do any business in their field. Also along with these guidelines, came the prohibition of all Jewish newspapers, radio, and cinema. Certainly, due to the eradication of anti-Nazi publications and media in general, the public must have felt that the general mood of all the media was pro-Nazi. Therefore by disagreeing they would step out of the public mood, and the terror of not conforming due to the total propaganda they were subjected to contributed greatly to the consolidation of power in Nazi Germany. This terror was accentuated further by direct acts of rebellion against the old order, such as the book burning during the spring of 1933. ? Goebbels’ propaganda portrayed the government’s actions as necessary to deal with a national emergency. Potsdam Day, which featured not just Hindenburg and Hitler, but also many generals, was an orchestrated piece of propaganda, aimed at demonstrating the unity and popularity of the government and the acceptance of the Nazis by traditional conservative elements. Following the success of the Nazis and Conservatives in the Reichstag elections, Potsdam Day was propagandized as a ‘day of national unity’. Hitler and Hindenburg appeared before huge crowds together to send out the message of Nazi and conservative unity, which ultimately legitimized Nazi rule. To conclude, it appears that the Nazi’s use of terror and violence played a highly significant role in the consolidation of the party’s power in 1933. Through extreme measures of propaganda and intimidation, the party was able to deal with political opponents to maintain control of people’s social, political and working lives, to the extent where Germany became a country where it was unsafe to do or say anything critical of the government. Although not all propaganda was designed for intimidation, the way Hitler consolidated power in 1933made people fearful of opposing him, granting the Nazis absolute control of national and local government.

Neils Bohr and Atomic Theory essays

Neils Bohr and Atomic Theory essays In ancient Greek the word atom meant the smallest indivisible particle that could be conceived. The atom was thought of as indestructible; in fact, the Greek word for atom means "not divisible." Knowledge about the size and make up of the atom grew very slowly as scientific theory progressed. What we know/theorize about the atom now began with a core theory devised by Democrotus, a Greek philosopher who proposed that matter consisted of various types of tiny discrete particles and that the properties of matter were determined by the properties of these particles. This core theory was then modified and altered over years by Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bhor, and Chadwick. The atoms original structure was simple, but as more and more research was done the atom became more complex and puzzling The five atomic theories of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Beginning with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers believed that everything was made up of invisible particles called atoms. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress until 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter based on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisible and 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have 4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more All of Dalton's ideas account for the laws of definite and multiple proportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Dalton's points are still thought to be true, but over time this original theory has been modified. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered ...

Performance Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Management Master - Essay Example The performance of an individual should be assessed after a regular interval so that the desired behavior could be maintained. This will also help the organization to satisfy the needs and the aspirations of the individual by providing him more facilities, improved working conditions and career advancement. We differ in our abilities as judges, largely because of differences in rules of judgement. No only do we judge one another but we are sensitive to the fact that others are always judging us (Ahuja, 2005, p.120). We are aware that our acceptability to others can be strongly affected by our ability to sense correctly what others think of us. The fundamental human experience of appraisal action feed - back, and reappraisal also conditions the behavior of individuals within the organization. In simple words, performance management is a systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. Performance management is concerned with determining the differences of performance among the employees working in the organization. One important benefit of the Performance evaluation system is that it helps top management to make further judgements about the executives who judge others. The top management can get a sense from the various performance appraisals, about the various departments of the organization and also the need of executive development in the years to come. Performance management helps the supervisors to evaluate the performance and to know the potentials of their subordinates systematically and periodically. (Yvonne, 1999, p.124) Following are the benefits of performance management: (a) It helps in the correct placement of workers. (b) Performance management helps in guiding and correcting employees. (c) It helps the employees to know where they stand and consequently they try to improve their performance. (d) The performance management helps to find out the ability of the personnel. This will stimulate them to better their performance in a bid to improve their rating over others. (e) Performance management helps in designing the training programme in better way. (f) The performance management if done scientifically and systematically will prevent grievances and develop a sense of confidence

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Essay Example It is quite unfortunate that over the past three decades the research has not shown much progress, it has focused only on the pathogenic roles of cigarette smoke, inflammation, protease and antiprotease balance. Research has also established an association of COPD with cigarette smoking; and patients with emphysema are known to suffer from a gene deficiency in an inhibitor of a neutrophils protease (Stang et al, 2000). The theory of cigarette-inflammation-protease has done a lot in the field of COPD epidemiology and pathology but is not able to reduce the pervasiveness and morbidity caused by COPD. It is therefore imperative to impose an urgent necessity for research in this area. The research is directed to sustain novel concepts and innovative experimental approaches and techniques pertinently suitable to COPD research. The research is also directed to explicate the cellular pathways involved in COPD pathogenesis. This is a step helpful in clinical trials of potential therapeutics. Explanation of these pathways is the step to develop a capability of pharmaceutical industry to design the mechanism specific drugs. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/workshops/copd_wksp.htm) The anonymity of COPD pathogenesis: COPD encompasses emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis, both these conditions relentlessly limits airflow that is not significantly reversed by bronchodilators. COPD progressively turn down the pulmonary functions with a rapid pace as compared to that in normal aging. Stimulating factors known to induce changes in animal lungs are cigarette smoke, pancreatic elastase, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, cadmium, chloramine-T, oxidants, silica, and rigorous malnourishment (Shapiro, 2000). It is established that many apparently dissimilar pathways are capable of causing emphysema or bronchitis,

Data Manipulation Essay Example for Free

Data Manipulation Essay The tables required in the system will be Customer, Products, Staff and salary. The individual fields in each table will be as follows: CUSTOMER (CustomerID, Surname, FirstName and customer address) PRODUCTS (ProductID, Title, Description, Type and Amount) STAFF (StaffID, Name, address and contact number) STAFF SALARY (wages per hour, hours per day and days per week) There will be two reports produced. To produce a report for the products purchased; a query will be run to combine the data from the customer table and the product table. The user will be able to specify the products bought by a customer with the entire amount calculated to give the customer benefits of getting more offers. The second report will print the amount of salary each staff earns per hour, hours/day and days/week. The user is asked to enter the StaffID and name to enter its database. Output The two reports should be able to be viewed on screen with an option of printing it as well. The product purchased report should be printed so that they can give some discounts on particular customers who shop a lot at the store. The staff salary report should also be printed before any meetings so that they can decide on who to get paid more and who shouldnt. Backup / Security Strategy The main computer that has all the data needed should be backed up on a CD every week or even when a large amount of data has been input to the system. This CD should be kept away the main computer incase of a fire, theft or flood. There should be password security on the system so that people cannot hack into it. Access has a password protection before entering the data so that no one can hack into it. Part Three Initial Designs Form Design There will be 4 forms for the data entry. Frm Customer This form will be used for entering customer details. My initial design is shown below Frm Product This form is used to enter all the products available at the store and the prices of each product. Frm Staff This form will be used to enter the staff details. Frm Salary This form will be used to enter the salary of each staff working in the store. Report Design There will be 2 reports. These can be either printed or viewed on screen. Report customer list This report will come from a query, which combines data the customer table and the product table. The user will be able to enter the Customer name to enter the report for the customer report This initial design is shown below Report Staff Salary This report will show how a staff details and how much they earn and how are they rated between 1 to 5 stars for working. Mr. Smith can rate this every week. Menu Design The menu structure for this system will look like this: User Feedback on Initial designs The initial designs were shown to the manager of the store for his feedback and approval. Mr. Smith had the following comments and suggestions: I have looked at your designs very carefully and they appear to be useful for me and I did however think of 1 or 2 changes that could perhaps change 1) The product types should include which category it is in such as racing, shooting. It would also be easier and helpful if everytime you dont have to type in what category it is in. 2) Can the 2 reports be printed all together with a click of a button because it can be time consuming 3) Can you also do something that can calculate the amount of the products and salary for the staff Final Design Table design Four tables are required in this system. They are related as follows: The tables are defined as follows: Form Design The form designs were amended in accordance with Mr. Smiths suggestions and final designs are shown below. There is a combo box added for the category of the product, which can be easier to select the category instead typing it all the time. Query Design I will need to create 2 different queries. These will form the sources for my reports. QryCustomerlist This query will combine data from 2 tables. Using the customer table and product table. It will ask the user to give the customer name. This will then be asked to find out the customer details or the product details. For e.g. [Enter Customer name: ] QryStaffSalary This query will combine from the two tables, which are the staff table and the salary table. It will ask the user to enter the staff name to see the list of that particular staff detail For example: [enter staff name: ] Implementation We will be using Ms Access to make the system needed. I will show in steps how to create this type of a system. First open Ms Access then you will see Now the same way I need to enter 30 customer list Now we can type the detail of 30 customers without entering the product ID With the same way I also need to create the product table. After creating it the design looks like this Now I need to enter the details of the products Now we know the product ID so then I will need to add them in the customer table which does not need to be in an order because a customer may want something else. Now we need to create the relationship between these two table. Like these tables I created I will need to create another 2 more. After creating the table page will look like this After creating the staff tables I now need to create the details of them. Now for the staff salary table I need to enter the details Now I need to create the relationship between the Staff and the Staff Salary the same way as I did for Customer an Product. So open the relationship window Now as I have created the relationship between the staff and staff salary when I will open their table it will show After creating the tables I now need to create 2 query. Now I need to create a formula for which the system can calculate the total amount of the product from the quantity bought Now for calculating the VAT on these products I will do: Now I need to calculate the bill amount, which is, Amount adds the VAT. To check if these formulas work I will now test the system After seeing the amount formula working I will now need to save the work and so I will: This is how it will look like when it closes the query For the same way I need to create another query, which relates with staff salary and after it has been done it will look like this Now that Tables and Querys are finished I now need to create forms. Now need to align these in order Now I need to create title for the form . so I need to open the toolbox. It will look like this when I open the toolbox then where it says Aa click on it and make a box on the form Now I need to type in the title name. Now I have to organize the font and the font size Now I need to create command buttons for the system. After creating the commands I now need to create a the background colour now I need to save this form For the same way I will create another 4 forms and after I created it, it looks like Now I need to create reports Now finally I need to create a Main Menu, which indicate the user to use the system easily. Main Menu will also be create in the Form

Political Economy Essay -- UK Economy, Politics

The UK economy has undergone structural, financial, and political change over the last thirty years. Different ideologies and policies have served to shape the relationship between government and economy in varying directions. Some elements, such as state intervention, have remained as a point of debate. Other factors, like globalization, have just recently developed. The policy of UK governments as a whole has been shaped quite heavily by major economic events during this period, and the legacy left by the Conservative and Labour governments can still be seen today. Using a range of sources and my own knowledge, I shall asses the critical elements of the relationship between government and economies over the last 30 years, and their relative importance. The context of this relationship is concerned with the theory of political economy. This is the idea of rationality and growth of the ‘free market’ (a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property). First, it is key to outline the characteristics of the relationship the government and the economy share. Clearly, a government influences the way an economy works via it’s policies. The government uses two branches of policy, fiscal and monetary. Fiscal policy entails government spending whereas monetary policy involves manipulation interest rates. Both policy instruments are designed to achieve growth. The attempts of a government to influence economic activity in the national economy are defined as macro-economic measures. Macroeconomics can be described as ‘the study of national economics’ (Morrison 2002, p.60). Even the government itself is run as a typ ical business in a free ma... ...ound will ever be successful. Monopolies were the created of privatization, but deregulation was a creator of nationalization. This has seen a fine line having to be struck between the government’s roles in the economy. Globalization has seen individual firms within an economy boost their status and influence, in turn, shutting out government power in their respective economies. Different parties have brought their respective philosophies into power in the UK. Enterprise, freedom of choice and increased competition in individual markets has been the driving force in most action taken by government during this period. In my opinion, it is fair to say, that the UK economy and the UK government have undergone structural, political and geographical change, which has led to Britain maintaining a stranglehold in the battle of the developed and developing economies.

Racism in “To kill a mockingbird” Essay

â€Å"If there’s just one kind of folks, why can’t they get along with each other? If they’re all alike, why do they go out of their way to despise each other?† (Lee, 259) Harper Lee uses her novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ to accentuate the catastrophic nature of racism. Some troubling individuals or groups of people have felt powerful by exercising their dominance over another group claiming they are worthier, stronger, and smarter. The problem of racism has often been associated with the history of the United States of America. Slavery has been abandoned long ago, but for years black people were considered to be of lower class, their capabilities were denied, and their dignity was completely diminished. It took American people hundreds of years to achieve the level of true democracy, when they can grasp the notion of equality between people, including acceptance of differences in gender, nationality, religion, culture, and what most matters in the book we read – race. Discrimination can be shown through the Maycomb community, the Tom Robinson trial, and Boo Radley. As Scout’s cousin told her, â€Å"He’s nothing but a n*****-lover!† (Lee, 94). Segregation could be noticed not only in the Maycomb County, but in the whole Alabama state, and the rest of Southern USA. Black people could not ‘mingle’ with the whites and their children attended separate schools. Adults socialized at places where they wouldn’t be noticed or bother the whites (ex. the black church in Maycomb). They each had their own territories, and assumed it was immoral for them to fuse together. They would go out of their way, saying things such as â€Å"You ain’t got no business bringin’ with chillum here – they got their church, we got our’n† (Lee, 136). The whites and blacks knew very little of each other, and that fear of not knowing became worse by imagining how bad the other side must be. This was also one of the problems that prevented racism to disappear. ‘The Great Depression’ during the 1930s made people (whites) stay focused on their own poverty, made them angry, and stopped them from seeing poverty and hardships on the other side. All these factors made polarization stronger, and created grounds for racism  to grow. The problem of racism and segregation was presented through subtle descriptions of the suburban life of very young and innocent children. Their view of events and relationships in the book was a strong contrast to the negative characters of white racists who wanted to take justice in their hands and execute Tom Robinson. In a child’s perspective, displayed through narration by the author (Scout), portrayed an innocent assumption that all people are the same, and poverty and racism are deeply unfair and brutal things. Seeing events through the eyes of a child (ex. Scout) helps us understand that feeling of hatred and discrimination is not something we are born with, but is often taught by adults. In Maycomb, most people are influenced and taught by their parents and peers that there are certain people in society that do not fit in with other people. Jem and Scout deeply argued the cruel idea. â€Å"I think there’s just one kind of folks. Folks.† (Lee, 258). Black people are an obvious example, but it’s also people based on their wealth and lifestyle. Scout is restricted from playing with her fellow school-mate Walter Cunningham, her Aunt Alexandra replies; â€Å"Because – he – is – trash, that’s why you can’t play with him† (Lee 257). Her aunt is one of those people in Maycomb who is always injustice. Chapters that describe situation before and after the court trial against Tom Robinson are full of examples of how racism was demonstrated ‘routinely’. Atticus Finch faced huge pressure only because he agreed to defend a black man, which proved that someone could lose their reputation for getting too close with the blacks. Scout got into fights trying to defend her father’s pride, when the kids at her school called him a ‘n***** lover’. â€Å"He had announced in the school-yard the day before that Scout Finch’s daddy defended n*****s.†(Lee, 85). She strongly disagreed with the kids’ terrible judgement on black people, and loathed the sight of it. She would get out of her way to stop the unhuman behaviour, and to defend her innocent and brave father. Love relationships between whites and blacks was strictly forbidden, which was clearly shown in Mayella’s example, who had such a powerful guilt for becoming fond of Tom, that she did not hesitate to lie and attempt to destroy Tom’s dignity and whole life. Tom Robinson recalled while testifying; â€Å"She reached up an’ kissed me ‘side of th’ face. she says she never kissed a grown man before an’ she might as well kiss a n*****† (Lee, 219). Atticus’s speech during the trial was so powerful and would normally touch everyone’s heart and make people start thinking otherwise, but did little to change the outcome. The example of Tom Robinson’s case in the book proves how blacks had no chance to win any case. The whites had all rights to bring accusations against the blacks, and bring them to the court. Mayella’s defender even assumed that he had the right to disrespect Tom by calling him â€Å"boy† (Lee, 223). The trial itself would not do them any favour as the decisions were often made despite clear evidence. Who could expect a different outcome, especially when the jury was made of whites, who were often open racists. One more detail from the book that also spoke about discrimination is when, towards the end, in a mysterious way Jem was attacked, lost consciousness and was brought home by Boo Radley. The Sheriff felt obliged to come up with a cover-up story, so poor Boo would not become the centre of attention. He made up a story that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife and died, and there was no connection to poor Boo Radley. â€Å"I may not be much, Mr. Finch, but I’m still sheriff of Maycomb County and Bob Ewell fell on his knife.† (Lee, 317). The fact that problem was resolved this way also tells us about double standards used for the blacks and whites. If there had been a black man suspected of murder, there would have been no way for him to escape the trial. However, the dignity of a white man had to be protected at any cost. In a way, it is a fair deal, especially after what we have learned about strong prejudice towards mentally and physically challenged people like Boo Radley, which caused him enough misery and suffering. Two main characters in the book carried a hope for the generation that is to come, that things will change. â€Å"Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I don’t pretend to understand† (Lee, 100). Both of them (Scout and Jem) were inspired by their  father Atticus, who believed that racism is a disease from which his kids should be saved. Education is one of the key factors that enlightens people, gives exposure to different views, and teaches the wide American population that they have so much in common. Wasting time segregating people of all kinds prevents countries and nations from making huge advancements. â€Å"Why don’t they like the Jews, you reckon, Miss Gates?† (Lee, 281). That is one of the messages Harper Lee wanted to pass on in an indirect way. Fortunately, societies changed for better; more and more people got educated, they learned about tolerance and equality. Atticus’ thoughts truly stand out in this novel. â€Å"You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them† (Lee, 321). The people of Maycomb had horrendous and evil assumptions about black people, and how they do not belong with society. Although they specially thought about them through an outside perspective, they rarely thought about them through an inside perspective. They never knew that they were just innocent people trying to have a good life in America. Through apprehensible context, the novel truly brings out the ugly nature of people, and their gruesome delight of disrespecting and discriminating people of disparity – especially black people. â€Å"I knowed who it was, all right, lived down yonder in that n*****-nest, passed the house every day. Jedge, I’ve asked this county for fifteen years to clean out that nest down yonder, they’re dangerous to live around ‘side devaluin’ my property-† (Lee, 199). Ignorance can cost people their lives, ruin their families, and bring separations to those who should be united. Harper Lee’s book described all these problems in such a powerful and touching way that many generations of readers will remember its messages.

Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3331 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Gender Essay Leadership Essay Organization Essay Did you like this example? LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT Gender Differences in Leadership Presented by: Karishma Sehgal Roll number: 088520 Table of contents SNo. | Title| 1| Overview of the study| 2| Objectives of this study| 3| Masculine and feminine leadership| 4| Factors that influence an individual’s leadership style(Not gender-linked)| 5| Leadership The Indra Nooyi Way| 6| Howard Shultz Leadership Of Starbucks Coffee| 7| Comparative study of the leadership styles of Indra Nooyi and Howard Schultz| 8| Conclusion| 9| References| Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Behaviour Overview of the study: The term leaders refers to persons holding formal positions of leadership in complex organizations in industry, government, education, politics, the arts, sciences, and professions. Historically, gender precluded most females from becoming leaders in such organizations; as a result, the assumption that males were better suited than females for leadership roles was, until r ecently, rarely questioned. Certainly much progress has been made particularly within the middle management ranks of the corporate world where women now hold about 45% of the professional, administrative, and managerial positions. However, the idea of women in top leadership roles is still difficult for many to grasp (presence of a so-called â€Å"glass ceiling† is said to have inhibited women from advancing to the highest level of management in most organizations), and the women who do succeed in attaining those positions need to be both exceptional and exceptionally able to deal with enormous social and psychological pressures. It is clear that women have found it more difficult to move up the organizational ladder. But is it a difference in leadership styles that has impeded women’s progress? One big issue that the society might not have taken into consideration is that these assumed differences may also depend on other reasons such as age, background, culture or education. It is obvious that leadership is a male dominated one. Leaders are often described with adjectives such as â€Å"competitive,† â€Å"aggressive,† or â€Å"dominant,† which are typically associated with masculinity. Perception of what constitutes good or appropriate leadership behaviours has been described as driven by older stereotypes that favour men as having more leadership qualifications. Sywensky and Madden (1996) argue that even when women have the skills and abilities necessary to effectively lead in an organization; they may still have difficulty convincing others of their leadership capacity. Sometimes this pressure might lead to a form of double-bind wherein a woman leader must act tough and authoritative (i. e. masculine) in order to be taken seriously but may be perceived negatively when she acts in a more aggressive manner (Oakley, 2000). Objectives of this study: * To study the inherent differences in the leadership styles of men and women and to determine whether these differences are gender linked. To study what other factors (apart from gender) influence the leadership style of men and women. * To study the leadership approach and qualities of a male and a female leader and compare them. Masculine and feminine leadership 1. Male leaders usually have a transactional leadership style According to Judy Rosener, PhD, the primary distinction between male and female leaders is, while not all are stereotypes, men have a transactional leadership style while women lead with transformational attributes. 2. Male leaders are more risk taking According to a study conducted by Marie-Theresa Edbauer Ida Svensson (Swedish Management researchers), women leaders in general tend to discuss things for a long period, trying to look at them from various points of view, but once they have made a decision, they implement it. On the other hand, men make decisions rather fast, but before implementing them they make a new and a djusted decision. The reason for this is that men are naturally more risk-taking and therefore use a faster decision-making system. 3. Male leaders put tasks before relationships Men are considered to set tasks before relationships, while women on the other hand are more people- oriented and focus more on establishing interpersonal relationships. They are warmer and softer compared to their male counterparts. 4. Male leaders are more inclined to an authoritative style Male leaders more frequently operate in mediums bound by hierarchy, status, rules and orders. In contrast, women normally function with connectivity and closeness as paramount. For women, status and hierarchy are not key and women are not predisposed to giving orders, but rather express preferences and suggestions which are likely accepted. . Male leaders communicate â€Å"to-the-point† Male leaders usually keep it short and sweet. No personal talk, just down to business and go. Female leaders on the other ha nd talk on a more personal note while addressing subordinates. According to Rolf Graner there are general scattered attitudes which make men and women function differently (Graner, 1994). Those attitudes are the following: Male properties| Female properties| Result oriented| Relation oriented| Logical| Intuitive| Independent| Dependent| Focused on competition| Cooperativeness| Restrained| Emotional| Investigating| Caring| Selfish| Understanding| Powerful| Soft| Bold| Careful| (GENDER SCATTERED ATTITUDES, GRANER 1994, P. 122) Factors that influence an individual’s leadership style (Not gender-linked) 1. The individual’s personal background What personality, knowledge, values, ethics, and experiences does the leader have? What does he or she think will work? These factors have a great bearing on how the leaders deal with business situations and their leadership style in general. 2. The organization The traditions, values, philosophy, vision and concerns of the organiz ation influence how a leader acts. It is necessary for any leader to base his/her actions in conformity with the vision of his/her organisation. Accordingly, they adopt styles that reflect the values and concerns of their company. 3. Staff being supervised In an organisation, there are employees with different personalities and backgrounds; sometimes the leaders alter their leadership styles depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to. Leadership The Indra Nooyi Way Leadership is hard to define and good leadership even harder. But if you can get people to follow you to the ends of the earth, you are a great leader. As a leader, I am tough on myself and I raise the standard for everybody; however, I am very caring because I want people to excel at what they are doing so that they can aspire to be me in the future. Indra Nooyi in an interview to CNBC, in June 2008 As someone who has always aspired to build a company committed to its people and to the world, I admire her determination to achieve sustainability at an established company like PepsiCo. And I believe that all socially responsible companies could learn from Indra Nooyis style of leadership. Howard Schultz, President and CEO of Starbucks Coffee Company, on presenting Nooyi the 2008 Time 100 award Indra Nooyi’s Bio Nationality: Indian. Born: October 28, 1955, in Madras, India. Education: Madras Christian College, BS, 1976; Indian Institute of Management, MBA, 1978; Yale University, master of public and private management, 1980. Occupation (Current): CEO, PepsiCo Brief of Indra Nooyi’s Journey at PepsiCo Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi (Nooyi) became the first woman CEO of PepsiCo Incorporated (PepsiCo) in 2006 at the age of 50. She was listed among Time magazines Worlds 100 Most Influential People in 2008. In a poll conducted by Forbes Magazine for the Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women in 2008, she was ranked Number 3. In Fortune Magazines annual ranking of Americas leading business women titled 50 Most Powerful Women in Business, she was ranked #1 for three successive years in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Nooyi joined PepsiCo as Senior Vice President (SVP), Strategic Planning, in 1994. As SVP, she directed the companys global strategy. She initiated and mapped out a number of PepsiCos strategic decisions including the spinning off of its restaurant business, the merger with Quaker Oats Company, an American food conglomerate and the acquisition of Tropicana, among other contracts. In 2000, Nooyi was promoted as PepsiCos Chief Financial Officer (CFO). She was also provided a seat on the Board of Directors and assigned the additional role of President with associated responsibilities for PepsiCos corporate functions including finance, strategy, business-process optimization, and information technology. In 2006, Nooyi became the fifth CEO of PepsiCo. As CEO, she continued to steer PepsiCo based on the vision of Performance with Purpose . She implemented a number of measures to improve the sustainability of the companys operations and image by focusing on improvements in the health implications of PepsiCo products. Measures such as removing trans-fats from PepsiCo snacks, product innovations in the Quaker Oats brand to come out with a range of consumer perceived healthy snacks, categorization of its snacks into three categories named fun for you, good for you, and better for you were undertaken under her leadership. Indra Nooyi as a leader Being a woman, an immigrant and her colour made it thrice as difficult for her to reach this destination, but the only mantra she followed during the course of time was â€Å"working twice as hard as the male counterpart†. 1. Change Orientation – â€Å"Don’t Wait. Change before you’re forced to† Indra Nooyi as a leader believes that constant change is necessary for every business to stay relevant. She was instrumental in the strategic reshap ing of PepsiCo. The results were exceedingly brilliant. But, according to her, sooner the changes are implemented, the better it is. According to her, ideally, a business leader should continually re-assess and re-evaluate the fundamental proposition of his or her business. 2. People orientation – â€Å"You Can’t Do it Without People† â€Å"Numbers matter, but you live and die by your people. † – said Indra Nooyi at a seminar. In the course of restructuring PepsiCo, the employees operated under some truly extraordinary demand with increased workloads, unreasonable deadlines and tremendous pressure. Indra Nooyi however made sure that the employees were acknowledged for their contributions in a very â€Å"public† way. Also, she ensured that the employees were not over-burdened with work and that the organisation did not ask them to perform beyond their capacity. 3. Good planning â€Å"Plan all you can, pressure-test that plan. And when you’re finished, plan some more. If you’re going to make mistakes, it’s a lot cheaper to make them on paper during the planning process. † Indra Nooyi attaches a lot of importance to planning. During PepsiCo’s merger with Quaker, it was proper, detailed planning that brought the businesses together successfully. . Humility Indra Nooyi emphasises on the importance of humility and particularly, a willingness to acknowledge what we don’t know or what we’re not sure about. According to her- â€Å"In business that’s sometimes tough. Acknowledging that you don’t know something or appearing unsure or relying on others may be seen by some as a sign of weakness. It isn’t. The key to gaining wisdom is openness†. 5. Proper communication According to Indra Nooyi, one of the most critical roles of a company’s leader is to communicate well and clearly. People in an organisation perform and deliver extraordinaril y results if the leaders of the organisation make their corporate goals and aspirations very clear. â€Å"It’s amazing the great things your organization can achieve when your goals are clear and your people understand what’s in it for them†. Says Nooyi Howard Shultz Leadership Of Starbucks Coffee â€Å"Our mission statement about treating people with respect and dignity is not just words but a creed we live by every day. You cant expect your employees to exceed the expectations of your customers if you dont exceed the employees expectations of management†. Howard Shultz Howard Shultz’s bio Nationality: American. Born: July 19, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York. Education: Northern Michigan University, BS, 1975. Career: Xerox Corporation, 1976–1979, sales; Hammarplast, 1979–1982, manager of U. S. operations; Starbucks Corporation, 1982–1985, director of retail operations and marketing; Giornale, 1985–1987, founder and CEO; Sta rbucks Corporation, 1987–2000, chairman and CEO; 2000–, chairman and chief global strategist. Brief of Howard Shultz’s journey at Starbucks Schultz grew up in Brooklyn, where he was deeply affected by his fathers struggle to provide for his family. Looking for a way to stand out and be successful, Schultz turned to sports and gained a football scholarship to Northern Michigan University in 1971. He was an unmotivated student, however, and didnt discover his fore-most talent until he took a sales position with the Xerox Corporation. Schultz flourished in competitive environments and rose quickly when he joined the house wares company Hammarplast in 1979. As a general manager with Hammarplast he travelled to Seattle in 1981 to investigate a small coffee company that was ordering an extraordinary number of specially shaped coffee filters. This was his first encounter with Starbucks. Schultz was immediately captivated by the passion of Starbucks founders, Gord on Bowker and Jerry Baldwin. Fired with enthusiasm, Schultz soon talked them into hiring him as their director of retail operations and marketing. Despite the misgivings of his family, Schultz gave up a respectable job in Manhattan to immerse himself in the arcane business of gourmet coffee. He even found himself attracted to the countercultural aura of Seattle that had given birth to the American coffeehouse. Most importantly he had found a business he could be passionate about, and he threw himself into it wholeheartedly. In 1982, he joined Starbucks Coffee Company in Seattle as the Director of Marketing. After joining Starbucks, while Schultz was on a buying trip to Milan, Italy, he noted that coffee bars existed on practically every street. He learned that they not only served excellent espresso, they also served as meeting places or public squares; they were a big part of Italys societal glue, and there were 200,000 of them in the country. On his return, he tried to persuade the owners (including Jerry Baldwin) to offer traditional espresso beverages in addition to the whole bean coffee, leaf teas and spices they had long offered. After a successful pilot of the cafe concept, the owners refused to roll it out company-wide, saying they didnt want to get into the restaurant business. Frustrated, Schultz started his own coffee shop named Il Giornale in 1985. Two years later, the original Starbucks management decided to focus on Peets Coffee Tea and sold its Starbucks retail unit to Schultz and Il Giornale for $3. 8 million. Schultz renamed Il Giornale with the Starbucks name and aggressively expanded Starbucks reach across the United States. Schultzs keen insight in real estate and his insatiable appetite for coffee drinks drove him to grow the company rapidly. Schultz didnt believe in franchising, so made a point of having Starbucks own every domestic outlet with one exception. Schultz also went 50-50 with Magic Johnson on stores in minority commu nities. Schultz is also a significant stakeholder in Jamba Juice. On January 8, 2008 Schultz regained his status as CEO of Starbucks after a hiatus of 8 years. Howard Shultz as a leader 1. Vision According to Howard Shultz, to make a business a success, one must have a strong and bold vision. A successful leader must be able to see opportunities and respond to them before others can. He also adds that vision alone is not sufficient to make a company successful. â€Å"A successful company can’t sustain itself on exhilarating ideas alone. Many business visionaries have failed as leaders because they could not execute. Process and systems, discipline and efficiency are needed to create a foundation before ideas can be implemented and entrepreneurial vision can be realized†. 2. Need for change Howard Shultz believes that a business should constantly introduce changes to flourish and grow even if it is doing reasonably well. He says- â€Å"The world is changing. Ever y year, customer’s needs and tastes change. The competition heats up. Employees change. Managers change. Even when life seems perfect, you have to take risks and jump to the next level, or you’ll start spiralling downhill into complacency without even realizing it. † 3. Integrity and Passion Being passionate about your business is the key ingredient to its success. When you are passionate, you come across as excited, energetic, and enthusiastic — all of the qualities employees like to see in their leaders. Schultz’s passion rubs off on employees and they in turn deliver exceedingly good performance which pleases the customers at Starbucks. 4. People orientation According to Schultz, it is necessary for a leader to build a relation of trust and confidence with his/her employees. The employees directly affect the quality of products and services the company’s customers receive. People will determine the ultimate success of a company. Product s are inert. A leader must hire great people, celebrate their passions and their skills, and give them the freedom to do their jobs right. To build employee commitment towards the business, it is necessary that they are able to trust the leader’s judgement and be sure that their efforts will be valued. Comparative study of the leadership styles of Indra Nooyi and Howard Schultz In general, both the leaders possess similar leadership traits that have helped them reach such great heights in their respective careers. Contrary to the popular perception of women being more â€Å"people oriented†, Howard Schultz lays great emphasis on the same and feels that it is extremely necessary to value your employees and develop a rapport with them so that they can count on you, trust you. Similarly Indra Nooyi recognises the importance of treating her employees well and to ensure that their efforts are recognised and that they are not over-worked. Also, both the leaders emphasi se that an organisation in order to sustain and grow, must undergo constant change. They also say that leaders must always keep a look out for opportunities and grab hold of them before their competitors can. Both leaders come across as visionaries. Howard Schultz particularly also mentions that vision without implementation is not sufficient and will not deliver any outcomes. Both leaders feel that they should encourage participation from their subordinates and not just give orders and expect them to adhere to them. Indra Nooyi also feels that she can learn a lot from her employees and is open to their ideas and suggestions. Howard Schultz feels that once a good performer is hired, he/she should be given the freedom to do his/her job in a way he/she thinks is right. Conclusion To conclude the study, we can say that the differences between male and female leadership exist, but the differences are not solely gender related. Also, the preconceived notions of people cause them to make judgements about variations in leadership styles of leaders of the opposite sexes. In some instances, there may be no perceived differences at all in leadership styles between men and women. In other cases, people may perceive men and women to act differently based on their own socially constructed conceptions of gender. Differences may have more to do with personality aptitudes and gender stereotypes than with actual differences in leadership due to gender. Generally, women are perceived as more democratic leaders. Their styles involve a sharing of information and promotion of cooperative learning. Women also share the power with their employees, enabling them to see and believe that their opinions matter. They have strong interpersonal and relational skills that make them seem empathic and effective to their staffs. They are expected to smile and be considerate as well as open to negotiation. Male leaders on the other hand represent the notion of rugged individuality and conform to the ideals of masculinity in the workplace. They are autocratic, focused on directing performance and finding solutions by considering wins and losses. Their competitive nature can make them appear less hands-on and approachable, though they often epitomize a calm, cool demeanour. Males are seen as formal authorities and are often on the top of the corporate ladder in industries dominated by highly educated women. Regardless of how women are perceived as leaders, the evidences collected by many researchers strongly suggest that women and men are equally effective as leaders across many different types of situations. Despite the perceived similarity in the way men and women lead and for the fact that women tend to be equally effective as men as leaders, women still face significant difficulties in going up to top levels of management in business organizations. References * https://www. thepracticeofleadership. net * https://www. career-bios. com * https://www. refere nceforbusiness. com * www. scribd. com * www. slideshare. net * https://www. icmrindia. org * https://www. essays. se * https://ivythesis. typepad. com * https://www. allbusiness. com Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Behaviour" essay for you Create order